AZ FLAG Hinduism religion Flag 3' x 5' - hindu flags 90 x 150 cm - Banner 3x5 ft

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Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: the Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. New York. ISBN 9780190226909. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link)

In Rajasthani, this colour is called kesariya. The word derives its name from kesar, the Hindustani name for saffron, an important crop in Kashmir. In politics, it was used by the Indian independence movement, and it was chosen as one of the three colours of the Indian national flag after independence in 1947, and is used by Hindus. [15] India saffron, representing courage and sacrifice, was chosen for one of the three bands of the National Flag of India, along with white (peace and truth) and what is now called India green (faith and chivalry). [16] [17] The Flag of India is officially described in the Flag Code of India as follows: Though Hindutva existed long before this current BJP government and thus has likely manifested in the UK before, it has not appeared within the public discourse, nor in the media, nearly as much as Islamism.

in the early 19th-century manuscript above Om is written अउ३म् with " अउ" as ligature as in ॐ without chandrabindu

Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by Xuanzang, [50] and 14th-century Persian text Futuhu's-salatin by 'Abd al-Malik Isami. [note 3] Some 16–18th century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava texts mention Hindu and Hindu dharma to distinguish from Muslims without positively defining these terms. [55] In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus. [56] [57] [note 12] The use of the English term "Hinduism" to describe a collection of practices and beliefs is a fairly recent construction. The term Hinduism was first used by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1816–17. [47] By the 1840s, the term "Hinduism" was used by those Indians who opposed British colonialism, and who wanted to distinguish themselves from Muslims and Christians. [45] [61] [62] [63] Before the British began to categorise communities strictly by religion, Indians generally did not define themselves exclusively through their religious beliefs; instead identities were largely segmented on the basis of locality, language, varna, jāti, occupation, and sect. [64] [note 13] Definitions The Proto-Iranian sound change *s> h occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola. [49] According to Gavin Flood, "The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)", [45] more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I (550–486 BCE). [50] The term Hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. [45] Thapar states that the word Hindu is found as heptahindu in Avesta – equivalent to Rigvedic sapta sindhu, while hndstn (pronounced Hindustan) is found in a Sasanian inscription from the 3rd century CE, both of which refer to parts of northwestern South Asia. [51] In Arabic texts, al-Hind referred to the land beyond the Indus [52] and therefore, all the people in that land were Hindus. [53] This Arabic term was itself taken from the pre-Islamic Persian term Hindū. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name of India, meaning the "land of Hindus". [54]

Red and saffron

see Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 8-12, composed in Classical Sanskrit, which describes Om as having three mātras corresponding to the three letters a-u-m