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Robert Whaples, "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?", Historically Speaking (April 2010) v. 11#2 pp. 17–20, with responses pp. 20–27

History of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day.

Stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends. [11] [12] History differs from myth in that it is supported by verifiable evidence. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. History is taught as a part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in universities. Human history is the memory of the past experience of Homo sapiens sapiens around the world, as that experience has been preserved, largely in written records. By "prehistory", historians mean the recovery of knowledge of the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood. By studying painting, drawings, carvings, and other artifacts, some information can be recovered even in the absence of a written record. Since the 20th century, the study of prehistory is considered essential to avoid history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of Sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the Western world. [30] In 1961, British historian E. H. Carr wrote: History of Africa begins with the first emergence of modern human beings on the continent, continuing into its modern present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing states.

Professor Alun Munslow (2001). "What History Is". History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2008.

Middle Ages (1154 - 1485)

Appelrouth, Scott; Edles, Laura Desfor (2010). Sociological Theory in the Contemporary Era: Text and Readings. Pine Forge Press. ISBN 978-1412987615. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 . Retrieved 20 July 2022. Fernandez, Manny; Hauser, Christine (5 October 2015). "Texas Mother Teaches Textbook Company a Lesson on Accuracy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018. Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian, is often considered the "father of history", as one of the first historians in the Western tradition, [13] though he has been criticized as the "father of lies". [14] [15] Along with his contemporary Thucydides, he helped form the foundations for the modern study of past events and societies. [16] Their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In East Asia, a state chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals, was reputed to date from as early as 722 BC, though only 2nd-century BC texts have survived.

a b Fasolt, Constantin (2004). The Limits of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.xiii–xxi. ISBN 0226239101. Particular geographical locations can form the basis of historical study, for example, continents, countries, and cities. Understanding why historic events took place is important. To do this, historians often turn to the methods and theory from the discipline of geography. [58] According to Jules Michelet in his book Histoire de France (1833), "without geographical basis, the people, the makers of history, seem to be walking on air". [59] Weather patterns, the water supply, and the landscape of a place all affect the lives of the people who live there. For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, studying the geography of Egypt is essential. Egyptian civilization was built on the banks of the Nile River, which flooded each year, depositing soil on its banks. The rich soil could help farmers grow enough crops to feed the people in the cities. That meant everyone did not have to farm, so some people could perform other jobs that helped develop the civilization. There is also the case of climate, which historians like Ellsworth Huntington and Ellen Churchill Semple cited as a crucial influence on the course of history. Huntington and Semple further argued that climate has an impact on racial temperament. [60] Regions Ibn Khaldun; Rosenthal, Franz; Dawood, N.J. (1967). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Princeton University Press. p.x. ISBN 0691017549. Goldstein, Dana (12 January 2020). "Two States. Eight Textbooks. Two American Stories". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020 . Retrieved 5 May 2020.Lowenthal, David (2000). "Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History". In Peter N. Stearns; Peters Seixas; Sam Wineburg (eds.). Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0814781418.

Worryingly, salaries have risen considerably less than inflation, with annual salaries having only increased by just under 4% in the past year. This is more than half or 5% less than the current inflation (9.1%). Woolf, D.R. (1998). A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing. Vol.2. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities; excerpt and text search. Barstensvol met buitengewone, vermakelijke en baanbrekende verhalen en personages: geïnspireerd door gisteren, vandaag geleefd, zet de toon voor morgen. HISTORY leeft! In 2022, inflation rose to the highest it has been since 1992, reaching an average of 9.1%. This is reflected in the price increases of all the categories in the graph below.Frank Donoghue, The Last Professors: The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities (2008)