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Voolstra, C. R. Coral bleaching: a colorful struggle for survival. Curr. Biol. 30(13), R768–R770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.008 (2020). It is important to note that the ED50 Fv/Fm (in contrast to the ED50 BIS) was not significantly different between O 2 treatments, which might be partially attributed to the low replicate number and the inherent constraints of short-term assays, where any measured response variable has to exhibit differences within 6 h. However, significance levels were much lower for ED50 Fv/Fm compared to ED50 BIS, likely also reflecting that BIS accounts for a coral holobiont compound phenotype (i.e. colour), whereas F v /F m relates to the photochemical efficiency of the algal symbiont and may not encompass host-specific effects to deoxygenation. Whilst temperature was the main driver of the transcriptional response, we found a subtle yet equally important difference in response to environmental O 2 levels that needs to be accounted for when researching factors determining coral bleaching susceptibility (Fig. 1d). However, more experiments will be needed to ensure that our observations on the impact of deoxygenation on coral stress thermal thresholds are robustly drawn out. In particular, whether the observed relative minor difference in ED50 may be related to a relatively “mild”, i.e. sublethal rather than lethal, deoxygenation stress of 2 mg L −1 O 2. Here, dose response experiments of both O 2 and heat need to consider recent evidence for variable ‘oxy-regulation’ capacity amongst coral species that inherently determines the poise between sublethal and lethal physiological responses to reduced O 2 availability 23. Kromhout, Jan (2001). Afrikaans–English, English–Afrikaans Dictionary. Hippocrene Books. p. 182, §5. ISBN 978-0-7818-0846-0 . Retrieved 28 November 2014. Everson, Michael (12 January 2021). "L2/21-036 Proposal to add the OBLIQUE HYPHEN" (PDF) . Retrieved 19 September 2022. The use of the hyphen in English compound nouns and verbs has, in general, been steadily declining. Compounds that might once have been hyphenated are increasingly left with spaces or are combined into one word. Reflecting this changing usage, in 2007, the sixth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary removed the hyphens from 16,000entries, such as fig-leaf (now fig leaf), pot-belly (now pot belly), and pigeon-hole (now pigeonhole). [10] The increasing prevalence of computer technology and the advent of the Internet have given rise to a subset of common nouns that might have been hyphenated in the past (e.g., toolbar, hyperlink, and pastebin).

LaJeunesse, T. C. et al. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. Curr. Biol. 28(16), 2570–2580.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.008 (2018). In 2020, at age 26, Hou became the youngest ever professor at Shenzhen University where she is a professor at the School of Physical Education, [21] which includes chess in its Sports Training Program. [22] Results [ edit ] 2003 [ edit ]Under heating, the projected ED50 Fv/Fm thermal threshold values for our Acropora sp. were about 6 °C higher than the MMM temperature of the source of origin (ED50 H0 = 36.12 °C, MMM ~ 30 °C). This is similar to previous observations for Acropora cervicornis (Florida; ED50 Fv/Fm = 35.88 °C, MMM = 30 °C; 79), but lower than for Stylophora pistillata from the Central Red Sea (ED50 Fv/Fm = 38.27 °C, MMM = 30.75 °C; 29), considered to be among the most thermally resilient corals 83. Our results therefore add to the growing evidence that CBASS can resolve differences in thermal susceptibility across different taxa 29, 47, 50 or environments 29, 47, 49, Notably, caution needs to be exercised that the ED50 thermal tolerance thresholds do not equate to long-term in situ thermal resilience, but rather to thermal limits within the framework of 18-h short term acute heat stress assays. Corals exhibit a similar response to heat stress with and without deoxygenation Keith Houston (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W.W. Norton & Company. p.132. ISBN 978-0-393-06442-1.

Alderdice, R. et al. Divergent expression of hypoxia response systems under deoxygenation in reef-forming corals aligns with bleaching susceptibility. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 312 (2021). Despite decreased use, hyphenation remains the norm in certain compound-modifier constructions and, among some authors, with certain prefixes (see below). Hyphenation is also routinely used as part of syllabification in justified texts to avoid unsightly spacing (especially in columns with narrow line lengths, as when used with newspapers). The most common side effects of this medicine include nausea, stomach pain, indigestion, and diarrhea. These are usually mild but let your doctor know if they bother you or do not go away.

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According to 2017 estimates by venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins, live broadcasts in China eclipsed mobile games, television, radio, videos and music as a source of revenue per hour. In 2003, Hou played against the chief coach of the Chinese national men's and women's chess teams, Ye Jiangchuan, for the first time. The chess master was surprised that the nine-year-old could identify almost all of his weak moves. "Then I knew she was an exceptional genius", Ye said. That year, Hou became the youngest member of the national team and won first place at the World Youth Championship for girls under age ten. In June 2007, she became China's youngest national champion. [11] Breitburg, D. et al. Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science 359, eaam7240 (2018).

So, how do you know if a compound word uses a hyphen or not? Well, many compound nouns and verbs are listed in dictionaries—like ours! If you are unsure if a noun or verb uses a hyphen, you can look it up. Nelson, H. R. & Altieri, A. H. Oxygen: The universal currency on coral reefs. Coral Reefs 38, 177–198 (2019).

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Innis, T. et al. Marine heatwaves depress metabolic activity and impair cellular acid–base homeostasis in reef-building corals regardless of bleaching susceptibility. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 2728–2743 (2021). Unicode distinguishes the hyphen from the general interpunct. The characters below do not have the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite their names: [36] Although the same keyboard key is used for a dash, hyphen, and minus, there are differences between these terms. Below is a basic definition for each of these terms. Use of hyphens to delineate the parts of a written date (rather than the slashes used conventionally in Anglophone countries) is specified in the international standard ISO 8601. Thus, for example, 1789-07-14 is the standard way of writing the date of Bastille Day. This standard has been transposed as European Standard EN 28601 and has been incorporated into various national typographic style guides (e.g., DIN 5008 in Germany). Now all official European Union (and many member state) documents use this style. This is also the typical date format used in large parts of Europe and Asia, although sometimes with other separators than the hyphen.