Using remains from 145 people found in three UK cemeteries, which had been designated for plague victims, the researchers examined the victims' bones and teeth to make sense of the racial makeup of the deceased. Padma, T.V. (23 March 2007). "Drug-resistant plague a 'major threat', say scientists". SciDev.net. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine. It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995. [175] Another outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014. [176] In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands. [177]

By autumn 1347, plague had reached Alexandria in Egypt, transmitted by sea from Constantinople via a single merchant ship carrying slaves. [108] By late summer 1348 it reached Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate, cultural center of the Islamic world, and the largest city in the Mediterranean Basin; the Bahriyya child sultan an-Nasir Hasan fled and more than a third of the 600,000 residents died. [109] The Nile was choked with corpses despite Cairo having a medieval hospital, the late 13th century bimaristan of the Qalawun complex. [109] The historian al-Maqrizi described the abundant work for grave-diggers and practitioners of funeral rites; plague recurred in Cairo more than fifty times over the following one and a half centuries. [109] Medieval Life | Boundless World History". courses.lumenlearning.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021 . Retrieved 3 December 2020. The plague awakes an anti-Semitic rage around Europe, causing repeated massacres of Jewish communities, with the first one taking place in Provence, where 40 Jews were murdered. Lealos, Shawn (2019-06-28). "Harry Potter: The 10 Most Heartbreaking Deaths". ScreenRant . Retrieved 2020-07-05. Morelli G, Song Y, Mazzoni CJ, Eppinger M, Roumagnac P, Wagner DM, etal. (December 2010). "Yersinia pestis genome sequencing identifies patterns of global phylogenetic diversity". Nature Genetics. 42 (12): 1140–1143. doi: 10.1038/ng.705. PMC 2999892. PMID 21037571.Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate". phys.org. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019 . Retrieved 22 March 2020. Wade, Nicholas (31 October 2010). "Europe's Plagues Came from China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2017. In 1348, the disease spread so rapidly that nearly a third of the European population perished before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die. [29] Half of Paris' population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from between 110,000 and 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 to 50,000 in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, [127] and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well, [57] leaving a death toll of approximately 62,000 between 1346 and 1353. [46] [i] Florence's tax records suggest that 80% of the city's population died within four months in 1348. [123] Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450. [129] The disease bypassed some areas, with the most isolated areas being less vulnerable to contagion. Plague did not appear in Flanders until the turn of the 15th century, and the impact was less severe on the populations of Hainaut, Finland, northern Germany and areas of Poland. [123] Monks, nuns and priests were especially hard-hit since they cared for people ill with the plague. [130] Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): 497–502. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID 24894605. Lopez KJ (14 September 2005). "Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online". Nationalreview.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2016.

In 1991, Vearncombe co-founded the Tomato design collective, a worldwide group of directors, designers, artists, writers, producers and composers. He served as a director until 1995. Plague". World Health Organization. October 2017. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2017. R. Totaro Suffering in Paradise: The Bubonic Plague in English Literature from More to Milton (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2005), p. 26 Michael of Piazza (Platiensis) Bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in Sicilia gestas retulere Vol 1, p. 562, cited in Ziegler, 1998, p. 40.

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Crawford DH (2018). Deadly Companions: How Microbes Shaped Our History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881544-0. The Leaky Cauldron and MN Interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling – Part 2". The Leaky Cauldron. 28 July 2007 . Retrieved 9 February 2022.

Hays JN (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-658-2. The plague’s spread significantly begins to peter out, possibly thanks to quarantine efforts, after causing the deaths of anywhere between 25 to 50 million people, and leading to the massacres of 210 Jewish communities. All total, Europe has lost about 50 percent of its population. Professor Sharon DeWitte, Biological Anthropologist, University of Colorado said: “Not only does this research add to our knowledge about the biosocial factors that affected risks of mortality during medieval plague epidemics, it also shows that there is a deep history of social marginalization shaping health and vulnerability to disease in human populations.”The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908. [172] [173] [174] Modern-day Wunderli R (1992). Peasant Fires: The Drummer of Niklashausen. Indiana University Press. p.52. ISBN 978-0-253-36725-9. Kraut AM (1995). Silent travelers: germs, genes, and the "immigrant menace". Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5096-7. The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. [158] According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 (although some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data). [159] [160] The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; and 1664–1667. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the plague's retreat from most of Europe (18thcentury) and northern Africa (19thcentury). [161]

This does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy in the 14th century; the Renaissance's emergence was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors, [150] in combination with an influx of Greek scholars after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. [151] As a result of the drastic reduction in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom. To answer the increased need for labor, workers travelled in search of the most favorable position economically. [152] [ bettersourceneeded]

Shrewsbury JF (2005). A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles. Cambridge Univ Pr. ISBN 978-0-521-02247-7. With the feudal system dying, the aristocracy tries to pass laws preventing any further rise by the peasants, leading to upheaval and revolution in England and France. Significant losses within older intellectual communities brought on an unprecedented opportunity for new ideas and art concepts to take hold, directly leading to the Renaissance and a more youthful, enlightened period of human history. Aberth J (2010) [2000]. From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague and Death in the Later Middle Ages (seconded.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134724802. Gilbert MT, Cuccui J, White W, Lynnerup N, Titball RW, Cooper A, Prentice MB (February 2004). "Absence of Yersinia pestis-specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims". Microbiology. 150 (Pt 2): 341–354. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.26594-0. PMID 14766912.