It was only in the summer of 1959, three years after the “re-elaboration of agreements”, that the search and selection of stay-behind personnel began. By 1961, excluding two pre-existing units, ‘Alpine Star’ and ‘Marine Star’, only 35 external recruits had been trained. propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world'. Richard Norton-Taylor, " The Gladio File: did fear of communism throw West into the arms of terrorists?", in The Guardian, December 5, 1990 A June 1 st document is significant because it unmasks the ultimate goals sought by the structure: to keep Italy within the NATO defence system guaranteed by the United States, through a structure depending on SIFAR. This dependence was justified by the necessity to avoid that “other uncontrolled organisations, or at the interest of other parties” could themselves create analogous initiatives.

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In Austria, the first secret stay-behind army was exposed in 1947. It had been set up by the far-right Theodor Soucek and Hugo Rössner, who both insisted during their trial that "they were carrying out the secret operation with the full knowledge and support of the US and British occupying powers." Sentenced to death, they were pardoned under mysterious circumstances by President Körner (1951–1957). The topics covered during these meetings changed according to the phases of development of the organisation. In the three years 1956-1958, these mostly related to establishing and mobilising the training centres of Capo Marargiu (CAG) and Olmedo (a communications base). The issues most frequently involved financial concerns and the transmission of documentation and training materials.On May 7, 1952, General Broccoli traveled to Paris in the company of Colonel Santini, mentioned earlier. The decision not to join the CPC was relayed to allies. Confirming the judgment that had already been formed on the occasion of British offers of collaboration, SIFAR thus began a long road of exclusive ties with American intelligence services, refusing any type of multilateral agreement with other NATO powers. Amongst the papers of the 7th Division of SISMI acquired by the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry are two versions of the “Gladio/1” document, which differ only in their title. One version (which is commonly referred to in the field of official Gladio documentation and which appears to have been the same sent to the Committee by the Prime Minister on March 1, 1991) translates the English expression “restatement of agreements” as “re-elaboration of agreements”; in the other version the title was simply (and unfaithfully) translated as “agreement”.

Belgian stay-behind network - Wikipedia

Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio, El País, December 2, 1990 (in Spanish) In the Netherlands, Gladio was exposed, although as a limited hangout, by journalist Peter R. de Vries. Dutch program Brandpunt also ran a piece, interviewing former agents and revealing the division to still exist in the early 2000s. De Vries his revelations mentioned the Belgian investigator who was stonewalled in his research there. That officer linked the Belgian and Dutch Gladio agents to the Brabant Massacres and even the Olaf Palme assassination. The fact that the University of Amsterdam revealed the division was headed by early key Dutch Deep State leader Prince Bernhard was not mentioned in de Vries or Brandpunt their investigations. Bernhard wes a influential European Deep State player until the 1980s as well, raising even more questions.After World War II, the UK and the US decided to create "stay-behind" paramilitary organizations, with the official aim of countering a possible Soviet invasion through sabotage and guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. Arms caches were hidden, escape routes prepared, and loyal members recruited, whether in Italy or in other European countries. Its clandestine "cells" were to stay behind in enemy-controlled territory and to act as resistance movements, conducting sabotage, guerrilla warfare and assassinations.

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The improvement of our information on the subject of Cominform and potential enemy activities in so far as they concern our two countries. Regine Igel, Andreotti. Politik zwischen Geheimdienst und Mafia, 1997, Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich ( ISBN 3-7766-1951-1). (in German)According to several Western European researchers, the operation involved the use of assassination, psychological warfare, and false flag operations to delegitimize left-wing parties in Western European countries, and even went so far as to support anti-communist militias and right-wing terrorism as they tortured communists and assassinated them, such as Eduardo Mondlane in 1969. [5] [6] [7] [8] The United States Department of State rejected the view that they supported terrorists and maintains that the operation served only to resist a potential invasion of Western European countries by the Soviet Union. [9] History and general stay-behind structure [ edit ] British experience during World War II [ edit ] Harvey, chief of the CIA station in Rome, and Renzo Rocca, Director of the Gladio units within the military secret service SID, De Lorenzo escalated the