The Northumbrians: North-East England and Its People: A New History

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Fraser, James E. (2006). The Pictish Conquest: The Battle of Dunnichen 685 and the Birth of Scotland. Stroud, Gloucester: Tempus.

Downham 2004 reconsiders the Northumbrian Viking king known as Eric and his perhaps tenuous relationship to the Eric Bloodaxe of the sagas.

Angles North of the Humber

Green, Peter. "In Search of St. Hilda". Parish Church of St. Wilfrid, Bognor. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2013.

During the reign of king Oswald of Northumbria, an Irish monk Aidan was invited to reconvert the area to Christianity. He and other Irish monks achieved this and subsequently the Northumbrians helped to reconvert much of the rest of England and also parts of the European continent. The battle of Dún Nechtain was carried out on the twentieth day of the month of May, a Sunday, in which Ecfrith son of Osu, king of the Saxons, in the 15th year of his rule completed, with magna caterua of his soldiers was killed by Bruide son of Bile king of Fortriu." Dales, D. A Mind Intent on God: The Spiritual Writings of Alcuin of York. Hymns Ancient &Modern Ltd, 2004. Whatever other consequences may have resulted from Whitby, one was an increase in churches, abbeys, and monasteries dedicated to saints of Rome (especially St. Peter) with attendant scriptoriums and libraries; these not only produced Illuminated Manuscripts but encouraged scholarship. Literacy & Rise of Wessex

He divides his study of the region into five main themes: the martial, fight

Although the Northumbrian king Eric was conflated with King Eric Bloodaxe of Norway in Icelandic sagas, Clare Downham and others have recently argued that the two were separate people. For a discussion of this shift in identification, see Downham, Clare 2004 "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the Last Scandinavian King of York", Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 14, pp. 51–77 Berg, Knut (1958). "The Gosforth Cross". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 21 (21 (1/2)): 27–30. doi: 10.2307/750485. JSTOR 750485. S2CID 195032909.Scammell, Jean (1966). "The Origin and Limitations of the Liberty of Durham". The English Historical Review. 81 (320): 449–473. doi: 10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXX.449. JSTOR 561658. Scholar Roger Collins has observed how few historical records survive from the Kingdom of Mercia due to the wars with Wessex and the Viking invasions and goes on to note, “the conflicts of the ninth and tenth centuries were in most respects to prove equally destructive in Northumbria, whose political stability had never been very secure” (194). Due to the loss of these records, many events in Northumbria's history are obscured and the last year of Aethelfrith's reign is among them. Bede (1898). Miller, Thomas (ed.). The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Early English Text Society. Original series,no. 95-96, 110–111. London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. hdl: 2027/yale.39002053190329. After the English from Wessex absorbed the Danish-ruled territories in the southern part of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced the rump Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Tees to the Tweed. The surviving Earldom of Northumbria was then disputed between the emerging kingdoms of England and Scotland, to be split roughly in half along the River Tweed.

Bede's work would not only provide the people of the region with the story of their past but would have far-reaching effects on how history as a whole was understood in the west. He popularized the use of the dating system of BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini, Latin for “In the Year of Our Lord”) which had been invented in c. 525 CE by the monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470-544 CE) in an effort to universalize the date of the celebration of Easter for all churches. The Northern Independence Party (NIP) is a secessionist political party which seeks to make Northern England an independent state under the name Northumbria. [44] [45] [46] NORTHUMBRIA | Meaning & Definition for UK English". Lexico.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2021.Northumbria". Oxford Dictionary. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2021. Woodman, D.A. (March 2015). "Charters, Northumbria and the Unification of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries". Northern History. LII (1). OCLC 60626360.