The Knights of Bushido: A Short History of Japanese War Crimes

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Bushido regarded surrender as cowardly. Those who did forfeited their honor and lost dignity and respect: [103] The Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) are the successor of the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan which existed from 1868 till 1947. [120] The JSDF was officially established with the Self-Defense Forces Act in 1954 (Act No. 165 of 1954). [121] It is primarily used for national defense due to limitations of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. Bushido is only used symbolically for example with names for combat exercises such as Exercise Bushido Guardian (2019). [122] There are supporters and opposition for introducing bushido to the JSDF. a b c d e Oscar Ratti, Thomas Cleary (15 September 1999). The Code of the Samurai: A Modern Translation of the Bushido Shoshinshu of Taira Shigesuke. ISBN 0804831904. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945 p 444 Random House New York 1970 K. A. Grossberg & N. Kanamoto 1981, The Laws of the Muromachi Bakufu: Kemmu Shikimoku (1336) and Muromachi Bakufu Tsuikaho, MN Monographs (Sophia UP)

Knights of Bushido by Russell - AbeBooks Knights of Bushido by Russell - AbeBooks

True warriors have no reason to be cruel. They do not need to prove their strength. Warriors are not only respected for their strength in battle, but also by their dealings with others. The true strength of a warrior becomes apparent during difficult times. Meiji bushido added absolute subservience to the will of the Emperor [5] with an emphasis on loyalty and self-sacrifice. [32] The book Bushido: The Soul of Japan by Nitobe Inazō popularized bushido internationally during the Meiji era. However, the morals that he described are romanticized interpretations and do not represent all of bushido through history. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945 p 539 Random House New York 1970

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The first mention of the term bushido is in the scriptures Koyo Gunkan (甲陽軍鑑) from Takeda-ryū (martial arts school), written around 1616 by samurai Kōsaka Masanobu (1527–1578). [1] It consists of 20 scrolls that mention bushido over 30 times. [1] It contains the history of the Takeda family and their military tactics. [70] The Koyo Gunkan describes valor and exploits in battle. [1] For example, it is a waste of talent when a bushido practitioner takes on administrative roles in government or financial affairs (e.g. dealings in rice, money, timber, or forest land). It emphasizes that bushido lies only in "becoming as a spear" on the battlefield. [1] The scrolls were widely disseminated as a martial arts instruction manual by the samurai class and helped to popularize the term. [1] In October 2011, Spain's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord was given to the heroes of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster aka the Fukushima 50. [11] They were praised for their conduct which "embodied the values most deeply rooted in Japanese society" and "courage and exemplary behaviour" with self-sacrifice. [11] This was described by the media as "samurai spirit". [11] Japan Self-Defense Forces [ edit ] JSDF soldiers during a training exercise Many early literary works of Japan talk of warriors, but the term bushidō does not appear in text until the Edo period. [53] The code which would become bushido was conceptualized during the late- Kamakura period (1185–1333) in Japan. [24] Since the days of the Kamakura shogunate, the "way of the warrior" has been an integral part of Japanese culture. [25] [10] Scholars generally regard pre-modern Japan as a "warrior nation" since the medieval period. [54] The samurai were role models for society since medieval times. In accordance with Confucianism, one of their duties was to serve as a role model for society. They balanced their martial arts skills with peaceful accomplishments such as literature, poetry and the tea ceremony. [55] Such as the medieval Japanese proverb Hana wa sakuragi, hito wa bushi ( Japanese: 花は桜木人は武士, literally "the [best] blossom is the cherry blossom; the [best] man is the warrior"). [56] In 1843 Nakamura said: a b Hatakeyama Kaori (2013). Chūgoku ni okeru Nihon rikai no issokumen—'Bushidō'wo megutte. Kyōto Sangyō Daigaku ronshū: jinbun kagaku keiretsu, no. 46: 326. Warriors are responsible for everything that they have done and everything that they have said and all of the consequences that follow. They are immensely loyal to all of those in their care. To everyone that they are responsible for, they remain fiercely true.

Knights of Bushido: A Short History of Japanese War The Knights of Bushido: A Short History of Japanese War

The world of warriors which developed […] in the medieval period (12th – 16th century) was […] placed under the domination of the Buddhist religion […]. Buddhism makes the prohibition of killing living beings one of its main principles. […] Faced with death, some samurai thought they had inherited bad karma […] others knew they were doing evil. The Buddhist notion of impermanence (Mujo) tended to express a certain meaning to the fragility of existence, […]. Beliefs in the pure land of Buddha Amida […] allowed some warriors to hope for an Amidist paradise […]. Zen Buddhism with its doctrine of the oneness between life and death was also appreciated by many samurai […]. The world of medieval warriors remained a universe still largely dominated by the supernatural, and the belief in particular, in the tormented souls of warriors fallen in combat (who) returned almost obsessively in the dreams of the living. This idea also ensured the success of the Noh theater. [ citation needed] Bushidō expanded and formalized the earlier code of the samurai, and stressed sincerity, frugality, loyalty, mastery of martial arts, and honour to the death. Under the bushidō ideal, if a samurai failed to uphold his honor he could only regain it by performing seppuku (ritual suicide). [41] The core of bushido consists of a combination of teachings from Japan's three main philosophical traditions: 1. Buddhist precepts of serenity, stoicism, and non-attachment to life. 2. Shinto notions of fidelity and patriotism, and 3. Confucian morality. [11] People imbued with bushi katagi ( 武士気質, lit. "samurai spirit") can serenely carry out their work in the face of any adversity, and have the willpower to master themselves. [11] Taira Shigesuke, Daidōji Yūzan wrote Bushido Shoshinshu (武道初心集) (pre-1730) which provides practical and moral instructions for samurai to improve personal, social and professional standards. [4] Xavier, Francis (1552). "Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus at Goa, 1552" (letter). Letter to Society of Jesus at Goa . Retrieved 17 June 2019. Imperial Japan saw itself as a 'warrior nation' – and the idea lingers today". The Conversation. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019 . Retrieved 25 August 2019. a b c d e f "Samurai groups and farming villages". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020.

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Russell was the son of Richard Henry Langley Russell, second son of Edward Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Liverpool, and succeeded his grandfather to the title in 1920. He was educated at Liverpool College and St John's College, Cambridge (1913–1914). [1] Military service [ edit ] World War I [ edit ] Hiding like a turtle in a shell is not living at all. A true warrior must have heroic courage. It is absolutely risky. It is living life completely, fully and wonderfully. Heroic courage is not blind. It is intelligent and strong.

Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes The Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes

From Mukden to Pearl Harbour -- The China incident -- The general treatment of prisoners of war -- The murder of captured aircrews -- Life and death on the Burma-Siam Railway -- The massacre and murder of prisoners of war -- The prison hulks -- The death marches -- The prison camps -- The civilian internment camps -- War crimes on the high seas -- Cannibalism, vivisection and mutilation -- Atrocities against the civilian population under Japanese occupation -- The Kempei Tai -- Retribution

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One of the earliest known usages of bushido is in the extremely influential [12] late 16th century text The Military Mirror of Kai, where it was used to describe unwritten rules in a complex metaphorical way that commoners could purportedly not live up to. [13] a b c d e f g Uozumi Takashi (July 25, 2019). "Master Swordsman Miyamoto Musashi: The Man Behind The Book of Five Rings". Nippon.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020.

The knights of Bushido : a history of Japanese war crimes

By the mid-16th century, several of Japan's most powerful warlords began to vie for supremacy over territories amidst the Kyoto government's waning power. With Kyoto's capture by the warlord Oda Nobunaga in 1573, the Muromachi period concluded. [24] Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. Print. pg. 231. Lord Russell curiously names this book "The Knights of Bushido". The term "Bushido" means the "Way of the Warrior". This was a Japanese code of conduct which described the concept of bravery, courtesy, and especia Bushido affects myriad aspects in Japanese society and culture. In addition to impacts on military performance, media, entertainment, martial arts, medicine and social work, the bushido code has catalyzed corporate behavior. It is the mode of thought which historically structured the capitalist activity in the 20th century. Business relations, the close relationship between the individual and the group to which he or she belongs, the notions of trust, respect and harmony within the Japanese business world are based on bushido. Therefore, this is at the origin of the industrial harmony ( ja:労使協調) ideology of modern Japan. It allowed the country to become, with the Japanese economic miracle, the economic leader of Asia in the post-war years of the 1950-1960s. Multiple bushido types have existed through history. The code varied due to influences such as Zen Buddhism, Shinto, Confucianism as well as changes in society and on the battlefield. [41] [1] [42] The consistent ideal is martial spirit, including athletic, military skills and valor: fearlessness toward the enemy in battle. [41] [1] Bushido is a path that the samurai of each era pursued for their entire existence.

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One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of 3 January 1868." Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 334. David "Race" Bannon, "The Dawn of the Samurai: Warrior Legends in Japanese History", Asian Pacific Quarterly, Vol 26, No 2 (1994): 38–47. Saint of the Day: St. Paul Miki and Companions". 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Bushido continues to exist in various forms in for example business, communication, martial arts and as a way of life. [1] [30] [46] [31] [109] [29] This is also called the bushido spirit. [11] [116] Modern translations [ edit ] Code of the Samurai: A Modern Translation of the Bushido Shoshinshu of Taira Shigesuke by Oscar Ratti, Thomas Cleary ISBN 0804831904, (September 15, 1999) Cleary, Thomas; Ratti, Oscar (15 September 1999). Code of the Samurai: A Modern Translation of the Bushido Shoshinshu of Taira Shigesuke. ISBN 0804831904.