Jupiter's Travels

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HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for January 2023 Perihelion". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Jupiter's planet-centre (599) occurs on 2023-Jan-21 at 4.9510113au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021 . Retrieved September 7, 2021. Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007). "Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets". The Astrophysical Journal. 669 (2): 1279–1297. arXiv: 0707.2895. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...669.1279S. doi: 10.1086/521346. S2CID 8369390. Raúl O Chametla; Gennaro D’Angelo; Mauricio Reyes-Ruiz; F Javier Sánchez-Salcedo (March 2020). "Capture and migration of Jupiter and Saturn in mean motion resonance in a gaseous protoplanetary disc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (4): 6007–6018. arXiv: 2001.09235. doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa260. In the solar system, the center of mass for most sun-planet systems (sun-Earth, sun-Venus, etc.) lies inside of our enormous star. But because Jupiter is so massive, the center of mass within the sun-Jupiter system actually lies outside of the diameter of the sun. It is the only planet whose center of mass is not located with the solar boundaries. As Jupiter orbits the sun, the giant world actually tugs on its star. Viewing similar wobbles in other stars allowed scientists to spot some of the first exoplanets. How long does it take to reach Jupiter?

Jupiter radiates more heat than it receives through solar radiation, due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism within its contracting interior. [65] :30 [66] This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 1mm (0.039in)/yr. [67] [68] At the time of its formation, Jupiter was hotter and was about twice its current diameter. [69] Internal structure Diagram of Jupiter, its interior, surface features, rings, and inner moons. There was a war. I was hoping it would be over by the time I got there, but it wasn’t and it became more and more of a threat as I approached. It did pose a few problems, mainly because of the Egyptians themselves. The populous was all het up about Israeli and Jewish spies and so on. I got arrested twice when I was in Alexandria because people thought I was a spy, but it was dealt with anyway. I was concerned, especially at the frontier because I had a visa that said you could cannot cross the frontier overland into Egypt. I thought they’d shoot me or something like that. But they were actually very nice, they were lovely.” MacDougal, Douglas W. (2012). "A Binary System Close to Home: How the Moon and Earth Orbit Each Other". Newton's Gravity. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer New York. pp. 193–211. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5444-1_10. ISBN 978-1-4614-5443-4. the barycentre is 743,000km from the centre of the Sun. The Sun's radius is 696,000km, so it is 47,000km above the surface. During the 1660s, Giovanni Cassini used a new telescope to discover spots and colourful bands in Jupiter's atmosphere, observe that the planet appeared oblate, and estimate its rotation period. [151] In 1692, Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes a differential rotation. [152] Jupiter is a gas giant, being primarily composed of gas and liquid rather than solid matter. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of 142,984km (88,846mi) at its equator, giving it a volume 1,321 times that of the Earth. [2] [38] Its average density, 1.326g/cm 3, [d] is lower than those of the four terrestrial planets. [40] [41] Composition

I watched a programme about poverty. This was the beginning of 1973. The West was just getting out of the war, out of scarcity, the Sixties had come and gone. People were beginning to worry about the state of the world and they were actually looking out beyond their own little bubble. There was a programme about poverty, a sort of Attenborough type of programme. Based on Jupiter's composition, researchers have made the case for an initial formation outside the molecular nitrogen (N 2) snowline, which is estimated at 20–30AU (3.0–4.5billionkm; 1.9–2.8billionmi) from the Sun, and possibly even outside the argon snowline, which may be as far as 40AU (6.0billionkm; 3.7billionmi). [36] [37] Having formed at one of these extreme distances, Jupiter would then have, over a roughly 700,000-year period, migrated inwards to its current location. [33] [34] during an epoch approximately 2–3million years after the planet began to form. In this model, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune would have formed even further out than Jupiter, and Saturn would also have migrated inwards. [33] Physical characteristics A 340-kilogram titanium atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7. [61] It parachuted through 150km (93mi) of the atmosphere at a speed of about 2,575km/h (1600mph) [61] and collected data for 57.6minutes until the spacecraft was destroyed. [177] The Galileo orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003. NASA destroyed the spacecraft to avoid any possibility of the spacecraft crashing into and possibly contaminating the moon Europa, which may harbour life. [176] See also: Jupiter in fiction and Planets in astrology §Jupiter Jupiter, woodcut from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti's Liber Astronomiae Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). "The solar system's invariable plane". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: 11. Bibcode: 2012A&A...543A.133S. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219011. A133.

It took me a year to write it”, he says. “There was no other way to write it except by writing about myself. That was the only way I could think of going because it was really about my experience. Inevitably, it was about the effect those experiences had on me, so that’s just how it all came out. And, fortunately, I didn’t feel inhibited about doing it, whereas I think, for many people, it would have been very inhibiting. The mythical Greek name for this planet is Zeus (Ζεύς), also referred to as Dias (Δίας), the planetary name of which is retained in modern Greek. [229] The ancient Greeks knew the planet as Phaethon ( Φαέθων), meaning "shining one" or "blazing star". [230] [231] The Greek myths of Zeus from the Homeric period showed particular similarities to certain Near-Eastern gods, including the Semitic El and Baal, the Sumerian Enlil, and the Babylonian god Marduk. [232] The association between the planet and the Greek deity Zeus was drawn from Near Eastern influences and was fully established by the fourth century BCE, as documented in the Epinomis of Plato and his contemporaries. [233] In fact, modern researchers don’t even know exactly where the tablets came from. They were shipped en masse to the British Museum from Iraq during the late 1800s, at a time when archaeology was mostly about treasure hunting rather than science. No one at the time bothered to record whether the tablets had been found in the ruins of a temple, a government building or a Babylonian scholar’s private library. It’s impossible to know who used these astronomical calculations, or for what purpose.NASA plans to launch the Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's moon Europa in the mid-2020s. Launching with the new Space Launch System, scheduled for its first launch in 2018, could cut the travel time from eight years to three. Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had over 40% more mass, the interior would be so compressed that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. For smaller changes in its mass, the radius would not change appreciably. [60] As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve. [61] The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved. [62] Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times more massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star, [63] its diameter is sufficient as the smallest red dwarf may be only slightly larger in radius than Saturn. [64] Jupiter is the only planet whose barycentre with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by only 7% of the Sun's radius. [128] [129] The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778millionkm (5.2 AU) and it completes an orbit every 11.86years. This is approximately two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a near orbital resonance. [130] The orbital plane of Jupiter is inclined 1.30° compared to Earth. Because the eccentricity of its orbit is 0.049, Jupiter is slightly over 75millionkm nearer the Sun at perihelion than aphelion, [2] which means that its orbit is nearly circular. This low eccentricity is at odds with exoplanet discoveries, which have revealed Jupiter-sized planets with very high eccentricities. Models suggest this may be due to there being only two giant planets in our Solar System, as the presence of a third or more giant planets tends to induce larger eccentricities. [131] This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.

Other proposed missions include the Chinese National Space Administration's Tianwen-4 mission which aims to launch an orbiter to the Jovian system and possibly Callisto around 2035, [193] and CNSA's Interstellar Express [194] and NASA's Interstellar Probe, [195] which would both use Jupiter's gravity to help them reach the edges of the heliosphere. By mass, Jupiter's atmosphere is approximately 76% hydrogen and 24% helium, though, because helium atoms are more massive than hydrogen molecules, Jupiter's upper atmosphere is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by volume. [42] The atmosphere also contains trace amounts of methane, water vapour, ammonia, and silicon-based compounds as well as fractional amounts of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. [43] The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. [44] Through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene and other hydrocarbons have also been found. [45] The interior of Jupiter contains denser materials—by mass it is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements. [46] [47] These four moons, discovered by Galileo Galilei and by Simon Marius in parallel, orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000km, and are some of the largest moons in the Solar System. Haisch Jr., K. E.; Lada, E. A.; Lada, C. J. (2001). "Disc Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 553 (2): 153–156. arXiv: astro-ph/0104347. Bibcode: 2001ApJ...553L.153H. doi: 10.1086/320685. S2CID 16480998. a b Bosman, A. D.; Cridland, A. J.; Miguel, Y. (December 2019). "Jupiter formed as a pebble pile around the N2 ice line". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 632: 5. arXiv: 1911.11154. Bibcode: 2019A&A...632L..11B. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936827. S2CID 208291392. L11.

What led to Jupiter’s Travels?

Weitering, Hanneke (January 10, 2018). " 'Totally Wrong' on Jupiter: What Scientists Gleaned from NASA's Juno Mission". space.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020 . Retrieved February 26, 2021. Ted Simon (born 1931) is British travel writer noted for circumnavigating the world twice by motorcycle. [1] He was raised in London by a German mother and a Romanian father.

Hofstadter, Mark (2011), "The Atmospheres of the Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune" (PDF), White Paper for the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, US National Research Council, pp.1–2, archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2023 , retrieved January 18, 2015 I didn’t have any problem thinking that I could ride a motorcycle because millions of people, including presumably millions of idiots, were doing it, so I didn’t see why I should have trouble. But, of course, I had no idea what it would be like to ride a bike in bad conditions. And, I had absolutely no idea what those bad conditions would be except that I knew there would be desert somewhere. I had no idea how to do that and I never had time to find out before I started. It would have been useful to have someone to tell me how to ride across sand, but I never had time to learn, or mud, or any of those things.” Jupiter's mass is 318 times that of Earth; [2] 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. It is so massive that its barycentre with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's centre. [54] [55] :6 Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun, [56] and its mass is one thousandth the mass of the Sun, as the densities of the two bodies are similar. [57] A " Jupiter mass" ( M J or M Jup) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. For example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 M J, while the brown dwarf Gliese 229 b has a mass of 60.4 M J. [58] [59]Kim, S. J.; Caldwell, J.; Rivolo, A. R.; Wagner, R. (1985). "Infrared Polar Brightening on Jupiter III. Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS Experiment". Icarus. 64 (2): 233–248. Bibcode: 1985Icar...64..233K. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(85)90201-5. Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding of the Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Spot had changed hues since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, which were found to come from erupting volcanoes on the moon's surface. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere. [55] :87 [172] I strongly suspect Ted Simon, who’s now in his late eighties, is too much of a gentleman to brag about his achievements, so I shall do it for him. Forty years after Jupiter’s Travels was first published, it has been read by millions. It remains one of the most important and influential books ever written about motorcycle travel, inspiring generations to go forth and explore. In 1932, Rupert Wildt identified absorption bands of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter. [160] Three long-lived anticyclonic features called "white ovals" were observed in 1938. For several decades they remained as separate features in the atmosphere, sometimes approaching each other but never merging. Finally, two of the ovals merged in 1998, then absorbed the third in 2000, becoming Oval BA. [161] Radiotelescope research Image of Jupiter and its radiation belts in radio Ingersoll, A. P.; Hammel, H. B.; Spilker, T. R.; Young, R. E. (June 1, 2005). "Outer Planets: The Ice Giants" (PDF). Lunar & Planetary Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2007.