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Blommenstein, Biko; Kamp, John (2022). "Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling". British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 40 (2): 242–253. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12409. ISSN 0261-510X. PMC 9310799. PMID 35262200. Cyclist, Average Joe (10 April 2017). "How the Bicycle Became a Symbol for Women's Emancipation". Average Joe Cyclist . Retrieved 12 August 2022. Nicholas D. Kristof (12 April 2010). "A Bike for Abel". The New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2013.
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a b Jen Lukenbill. "About My Planet: Bamboo Bikes". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013. There are towns in some countries where bicycle culture has been an integral part of the landscape for generations, even without much official support. That is the case of Ílhavo, in Portugal. Meijaard, J.P.; Papadopoulos, Jim M.; Ruina, Andy; Schwab, A.L. (2007). "Linearized dynamics equations for the balance and steer of a bicycle: a benchmark and review". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 463 (2084): 1955–82. Bibcode: 2007RSPSA.463.1955M. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2007.1857. S2CID 18309860. Cossalter, Vittore (2006). Motorcycle Dynamics (Seconded.). Lulu. pp.241–342. ISBN 978-1-4303-0861-4.Annie Lowrey (30 April 2013). "Is It Crazy to Think We Can Eradicate Poverty?". The New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2013. Bicycle helmets can reduce injury in the event of a collision or accident, and a suitable helmet is legally required of riders in many jurisdictions. [ citation needed] [71] Helmets may be classified as an accessory [67] or as an item of clothing. [72] How Much Do Bicycles Pollute? Looking at the Carbon Dioxide Produced by Bicycles". Kenkifer.com. 20 November 1999. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011. pedal cycle". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) a b "2014 European Bicycle Industry & Market Profile". Confederation of the European Bicycle Industry. 2015.
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Gliemann, Jennifer (21 March 2017). "200th anniversary: How the bicycle changed society". Bike Citizens . Retrieved 29 March 2020.Around the turn of the 20th century, bicycles reduced crowding in inner-city tenements by allowing workers to commute from more spacious dwellings in the suburbs. They also reduced dependence on horses. Bicycles allowed people to travel for leisure into the country, since bicycles were three times as energy efficient as walking and three to four times as fast. Van Lierop, Dea; Grimsrud, Michael; El-Geneidy, Ahmed (2014). "Breaking into Bicycle Theft: Insights from Montreal, Canada". International Journal of Sustainable Transportation: 490–501. Bicycles and horse buggies were the two mainstays of private transportation just prior to the automobile, and the grading of smooth roads in the late 19th century was stimulated by the widespread advertising, production, and use of these devices. [9] More than 1billion bicycles have been manufactured worldwide as of the early 21st century. [1] [2] [3] Bicycles are the most common vehicle of any kind in the world, and the most numerous model of any kind of vehicle, whether human-powered or motor vehicle, is the Chinese Flying Pigeon, with numbers exceeding 500 million. [1] The next most numerous vehicle, the Honda Super Cub motorcycle, has more than 100 million units made, [42] while most produced car, the Toyota Corolla, has reached 44 million and counting. [4] [5] [6] [43] AeroVelo Eta: bullet-shaped bike sets new human-powered speed record". International Business Times. 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016. Want Safer Streets for Cyclists? Ditch the Helmet Laws". Bloomberg.com. 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 29 August 2020.
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Main article: Bicycle tools Puncture repair kit with tire levers, sandpaper to clean off an area of the inner tube around the puncture, a tube of rubber solution ( vulcanizing fluid), round and oval patches, a metal grater and piece of chalk to make chalk powder (to dust over excess rubber solution). Kits often also include a wax crayon to mark the puncture location. Historically, materials used in bicycles have followed a similar pattern as in aircraft, the goal being high strength and low weight. Since the late 1930s alloy steels have been used for frame and fork tubes in higher quality machines. By the 1980s aluminum welding techniques had improved to the point that aluminum tube could safely be used in place of steel. Since then aluminum alloy frames and other components have become popular due to their light weight, and most mid-range bikes are now principally aluminum alloy of some kind. [ where?] More expensive bikes use carbon fibre due to its significantly lighter weight and profiling ability, allowing designers to make a bike both stiff and compliant by manipulating the lay-up. Virtually all professional racing bicycles now use carbon fibre frames, as they have the best strength to weight ratio. A typical modern carbon fiber frame can weighs less than 1 kilogram (2.2lb). Bamboo bicycles made in Zambia (TV news). Tokyo: NHK World News in English. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Niklas Sieber (1998). "Appropriate Transportation and Rural Development in Makete District, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Transport Geography. 6 (1): 69–73. doi: 10.1016/S0966-6923(97)00040-9 . Retrieved 9 July 2011. Shaheen, Susan; Guzman, Stacey; Zhang, Hua (2010). "Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia". Transportation Research Record. 2143: 159–67. doi: 10.3141/2143-20. S2CID 40770008.
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A human traveling on a bicycle at low to medium speeds of around 16–24km/h (10–15mph) uses only the power required to walk. Air drag, which is proportional to the square of speed, requires dramatically higher power outputs as speeds increase. If the rider is sitting upright, the rider's body creates about 75% of the total drag of the bicycle/rider combination. Drag can be reduced by seating the rider in a more aerodynamically streamlined position. Drag can also be reduced by covering the bicycle with an aerodynamic fairing. The fastest recorded unpaced speed on a flat surface is 144.18km/h (89.59mph). [55] a b "Baron von Drais' Bicycle". Canada Science and Technology Museum. Archived from the original on 29 December 2006 . Retrieved 10 February 2014. Our Impact". Bicycles Against Poverty. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-08-07. Very few bicycle components can actually be repaired; replacement of the failing component is the normal practice. Wilson, David Gordon; Jim Papadopoulos (2004). Bicycling Science (Thirded.). The MIT Press. pp. 270–72. ISBN 978-0-262-73154-6.
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A number of formal and industry standards exist for bicycle components to help make spare parts exchangeable and to maintain a minimum product safety. Bulletin des lois de la République française (1873) 12th series, vol. 6, p. 648, patent no. 86,705: "Perfectionnements dans les roues de vélocipèdes" ("Improvements in the wheels of bicycles"), issued 4 August 1869.Bicycles offer an important mode of transport in many developing countries. Until recently, bicycles have been a staple of everyday life throughout Asian countries. They are the most frequently used method of transport for commuting to work, school, shopping, and life in general. In Europe, bicycles are commonly used. [85] They also offer a degree of exercise to keep individuals healthy. [86] Winters, M; Brauer, M; Setton, EM; Teschke, K (2010). "Built environment influences on healthy transportation choices: bicycling versus driving". J Urban Health. 87 (6): 969–93. doi: 10.1007/s11524-010-9509-6. PMC 3005092. PMID 21174189. a b c d Koeppel, Dan (January–February 2007). "Flight of the Pigeon". Bicycling. Vol.48, no.1. Rodale. pp.60–66. ISSN 0006-2073 . Retrieved 28 January 2012. In the early 1860s, Frenchmen Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement took bicycle design in a new direction by adding a mechanical crank drive with pedals on an enlarged front wheel (the velocipede). This was the first in mass production. Another French inventor named Douglas Grasso had a failed prototype of Pierre Lallement's bicycle several years earlier. Several inventions followed using rear-wheel drive, the best known being the rod-driven velocipede by Scotsman Thomas McCall in 1869. In that same year, bicycle wheels with wire spokes were patented by Eugène Meyer of Paris. [32] The French vélocipède, made of iron and wood, developed into the " penny-farthing" (historically known as an "ordinary bicycle", a retronym, since there was then no other kind). [33] It featured a tubular steel frame on which were mounted wire-spoked wheels with solid rubber tires. These bicycles were difficult to ride due to their high seat and poor weight distribution. In 1868 Rowley Turner, a sales agent of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company (which soon became the Coventry Machinists Company), brought a Michaux cycle to Coventry, England. His uncle, Josiah Turner, and business partner James Starley, used this as a basis for the 'Coventry Model' in what became Britain's first cycle factory. [34] Brown, Sheldon. "One-Speed Bicycle Coaster Brakes". Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2010. Coaster brakes were invented in the 1890s.
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