A History of Language

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Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Jerbi, Karim; Bertrand, Olivier; Minotti, Lorella; Hoffmann, Dominique; Schoendorff, Benjamin; Kahane, Philippe (31 October 2007). "A Blueprint for Real-Time Functional Mapping via Human Intracranial Recordings". PLOS ONE. 2 (10): e1094. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2.1094L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001094. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2040217. PMID 17971857. Schwartz, M. F.; Faseyitan, O.; Kim, J.; Coslett, H. B. (20 November 2012). "The dorsal stream contribution to phonological retrieval in object naming". Brain. 135 (12): 3799–3814. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws300. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 3525060. PMID 23171662. Larsson, M (2014). "Self-generated sounds of locomotion and ventilation and the evolution of human rhythmic abilities". Animal Cognition. 17 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s10071-013-0678-z. PMC 3889703. PMID 23990063. a b Daneš, František (1987). "On Prague school functionalism in linguistics". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.). Functionalism in Linguistics. John Benjamins. pp.3–38. ISBN 9789027215246. Revelationist: Language was gifted to humans by God, and it was thus God—and not humans—who named everything.

A Brief History Of Language - The Odyssey Online

a b c Ulbæk, Ib (1998). James R Hurford; Michael Studdert-Kennedy; Chris Knight (eds.). The origin of language and cognition. pp.30–43. ISBN 978-0-521-63964-4. OCLC 37742390. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Human language is used for self-expression; however, expression displays different stages. The consciousness of self and feelings represents the stage immediately prior to the external, phonetic expression of feelings in the form of sound, i.e., language. Intelligent animals such as dolphins, Eurasian magpies, and chimpanzees live in communities, wherein they assign themselves roles for group survival and show emotions such as sympathy. [144] When such animals view their reflection ( mirror test), they recognise themselves and exhibit self-consciousness. [145] Notably, humans evolved in a quite different environment than that of these animals. Human survival became easier with the development of tools, shelter, and fire, thus facilitating further advancement of social interaction, self-expression, and tool-making, as for hunting and gathering. [146] The increasing brain size allowed advanced provisioning and tools and the technological advances during the Palaeolithic era that built upon the previous evolutionary innovations of bipedalism and hand versatility allowed the development of human language. [ citation needed] Self-domesticated ape theory [ edit ]

G: Green Beans

Duality (of Patterning): a large number of meaningful elements are made up of a conveniently small number of independently meaningless yet message-differentiating elements. Structuralism, as first introduced to sociology by Émile Durkheim, is nonetheless a type of humanistic evolutionary theory which explains diversification as necessitated by growing complexity. [75] There was a shift of focus to functional explanation after Saussure's death. Functional structuralists including the Prague Circle linguists and André Martinet explained the growth and maintenance of structures as being necessitated by their functions. [71] For example, novel technologies make it necessary for people to invent new words, but these may lose their function and be forgotten as the technologies are eventually replaced by more modern ones. Tallerman, Maggie; Gibson, Kathleen Rita (2012). The Oxford handbook of language evolution. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954111-9. OCLC 724665645. a b Falk, D. (August 2004). "Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: whence motherese?" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 27 (4): 491–503, discussion 503–83. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x04000111. PMID 15773427. S2CID 39547572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014.

Language | Definition, Types, Characteristics, Development

To lower the larynx is to increase the length of the vocal tract, in turn lowering formant frequencies so that the voice sounds "deeper"—giving an impression of greater size. John Ohala argues that the function of the lowered larynx in humans, especially males, is probably to enhance threat displays rather than speech itself. [206] Ohala points out that if the lowered larynx were an adaptation for speech, adult human males would be expected to be better adapted in this respect than adult females, whose larynx is considerably less low. However, females outperform males in verbal tests, [207] falsifying this whole line of reasoning.Davis, Matthew H.; Johnsrude, Ingrid S. (15 April 2003). "Hierarchical Processing in Spoken Language Comprehension". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (8): 3423–3431. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-08-03423.2003. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6742313. PMID 12716950. Petkov, Christopher I; Kayser, Christoph; Steudel, Thomas; Whittingstall, Kevin; Augath, Mark; Logothetis, Nikos K (10 February 2008). "A voice region in the monkey brain". Nature Neuroscience. 11 (3): 367–374. doi: 10.1038/nn2043. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 18264095. S2CID 5505773.

PNAS PNAS

Pinker, Steven (1994). The language instinct. New York: W. Morrow and Co. ISBN 978-0-688-12141-9. OCLC 28723210. The humanistic tradition considers language as a human invention. Renaissance philosopher Antoine Arnauld gave a detailed description of his idea of the origin of language in Port-Royal Grammar. According to Arnauld, people are social and rational by nature, and this urged them to create language as a means to communicate their ideas to others. Language construction would have occurred through a slow and gradual process. [70] In later theory, especially in functional linguistics, the primacy of communication is emphasised over psychological needs. [71]A majority of linguistic scholars as of 2023 [update] favour continuity-based theories, but they vary in how they hypothesize language development. Among those who consider language as mostly innate, some avoid speculating about specific precursors in nonhuman primates, stressing simply that the language faculty must have evolved in the usual gradual way. [8] Others in this intellectual camp—notably Ib Ulbæk [7]—hold that language evolved not from primate communication but from primate cognition, which is significantly more complex.

History of English The History of English

W. Tecumseh Fitch likewise argues that this was the original selective advantage of laryngeal lowering in the human species. Although (according to Fitch) the initial lowering of the larynx in humans had nothing to do with speech, the increased range of possible formant patterns was subsequently co-opted for speech. Size exaggeration remains the sole function of the extreme laryngeal descent observed in male deer. Consistent with the size exaggeration hypothesis, a second descent of the larynx occurs at puberty in humans, although only in males. In response to the objection that the larynx is descended in human females, Fitch suggests that mothers vocalizing to protect their infants would also have benefited from this ability. [208] Phonemic diversity [ edit ]Deacon, Terrence William (1997). The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03838-5. OCLC 807018262. We propose that as a result of paedomorphic morphogenesis of the cranial base and craniofacial morphology Ar. ramidus would have not been limited in terms of the mechanical components of speech production as chimpanzees and bonobos are. It is possible that Ar. ramidus had vocal capability approximating that of chimpanzees and bonobos, with its idiosyncratic skull morphology not resulting in any significant advances in speech capability. In this sense the anatomical features analysed in this essay would have been exapted in later more voluble species of hominin. However, given the selective advantages of pro-social vocal synchrony, we suggest the species would have developed significantly more complex vocal abilities than chimpanzees and bonobos. [172] Early Homo [ edit ] In 1861, historical linguist Max Müller published a list of speculative theories concerning the origins of spoken language: [34] Medieval Muslim scholars also developed theories on the origin of language. [38] [39] Their theories were of five general types: [40]