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Halachmi S, Gilchrest BA (March 2001). "Update on genetic events in the pathogenesis of melanoma". Current Opinion in Oncology. 13 (2): 129–36. doi: 10.1097/00001622-200103000-00008. PMID 11224711. S2CID 29876528. Khlat M, Vail A, Parkin M, Green A (May 1992). "Mortality from melanoma in migrants to Australia: variation by age at arrival and duration of stay". American Journal of Epidemiology. 135 (10): 1103–13. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116210. PMID 1632422. a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Melanoma Treatment – for health professionals". National Cancer Institute. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 June 2015. One class of mutations affects the gene CDKN2A. An alternative reading frame mutation in this gene leads to the destabilization of p53, a transcription factor involved in apoptosis and in 50% of human cancers. Another mutation in the same gene results in a nonfunctional inhibitor of CDK4, a cyclin-dependent kinase that promotes cell division. Mutations that cause the skin condition xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) also increase melanoma susceptibility. Scattered throughout the genome, these mutations reduce a cell's ability to repair DNA. Both CDKN2A and XP mutations are highly penetrant (the chances of a carrier to express the phenotype is high). [ citation needed] a b Ferri F (2019). "Melanoma". Ferri's clinical advisor 2019: 5 books in 1. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p.805. ISBN 978-0-323-52957-0. OCLC 1040695302. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020.

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Ross MI, Gershenwald JE (May–June 2013). "Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: a critical update for dermatologists after two decades of experience". Clinics in Dermatology. 31 (3): 298–310. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.08.004. PMID 23608449. We recommend that you do a head-to-toe self-examination of your skin every month. This way you can find any new or changing lesions that might be cancerous or precancerous.Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis is done with a skin biopsy. This is usually followed up with a wider excision of the scar or tumor. Depending on the stage, a sentinel lymph node biopsy may be performed. Controversy exists around trial evidence for sentinel lymph node biopsy; [104] with unclear evidence of benefit as of 2015. [105] Treatment of advanced malignant melanoma is performed from a multidisciplinary approach. a b O'Sullivan NA, Tait CP (May 2014). "Tanning bed and nail lamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignancy: a review of the literature". The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 55 (2): 99–106. doi: 10.1111/ajd.12145. PMID 24592921. S2CID 206984768. One involved lymph node, or any number of in-transit, satellite, and/or microsatellite metastases with no tumor-involved nodes. The Sentinel Node Biopsy Procedure in Melanoma does not offer a survival advantage". Malignant Melanoma. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012. Melanocytes create melanin through the process of melanogenesis, which is also an oxidative process that produces ROS. Antioxidants are able to relieve this oxidative stress and reduce cellular damage.

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a b c d Maverakis E, Cornelius LA, Bowen GM, Phan T, Patel FB, Fitzmaurice S, etal. (May 2015). "Meta Melanocytes house melanin in cells called melanosomes. The amount of melanin in the skin is a result of the quantity and distribution of melanocytes. For stage 1A melanoma, if your doctors are sure that they removed enough skin around the melanoma, this is all the treatment you need. Montgomery BD, Sadler GM (January 2009). "Punch biopsy of pigmented lesions is potentially hazardous". Canadian Family Physician. 55 (1): 24, author reply 24. PMC 2628830. PMID 19155361. HMB-45 is a monoclonal antibody that reacts against an antigen present in melanocytic tumors such as melanomas. It is used in anatomic pathology as a marker for such tumors. The antibody was generated to an extract of melanoma. It reacts positively against melanocytic tumors but not other tumors, thus demonstrating specificity and sensitivity. The antibody also reacts positively against junctional nevus cells but not intradermal nevi, and against fetal melanocytes but not normal adult melanocytes.Radiation therapy is often used after surgical resection for patients with locally or regionally advanced melanoma or for patients with un-resectable distant metastases. Kilovoltage x-ray beams are often used for these treatments and have the property of the maximum radiation dose occurring close to the skin surface. [142] It may reduce the rate of local recurrence but does not prolong survival. [143] Radioimmunotherapy of metastatic melanoma is currently under investigation.

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Clark GS, Pappas-Politis EC, Cherpelis BS, Messina JL, Möller MG, Cruse CW, etal. (July 2008). "Surgical management of melanoma in situ on chronically sun-damaged skin". Cancer Control. 15 (3): 216–24. doi: 10.1177/107327480801500304. PMID 18596673. Bhoumik A, Jones N, Ronai Z (March 2004). "Transcriptional switch by activating transcription factor 2-derived peptide sensitizes melanoma cells to apoptosis and inhibits their tumorigenicity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (12): 4222–7. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..101.4222B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400195101. PMC 384722. PMID 15010535. Pharmacotherapy research for un-resectable or metastatic malignant melanoma is ongoing. [168] Targeted therapies [ edit ]

In January 2014, the FDA approved the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib for the treatment of people with BRAF V600E/K-mutant metastatic melanoma. [181] In June 2018, the FDA approved the combination of a BRAF inhibitor encorafenib and a MEK inhibitor binimetinib for the treatment of un-resectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation. [182] Giles MH, Coventry BJ (August 2013). "Isolated limb infusion chemotherapy for melanoma: an overview of early experience at the Adelaide Melanoma Unit". Cancer Management and Research. 5: 243–9. doi: 10.2147/cmar.s45746. PMC 3753062. PMID 23990731. Those who work in airplanes also appear to have an increased risk, believed to be due to greater exposure to UV. [24] Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW (1985). "Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of physician examination and self-examination of the skin". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 35 (3): 130–51. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.35.3.130. PMID 3921200. S2CID 20787489.

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Malignant Melanoma in situ, evolving, a medial right temple with adjacent sebaceous hyperplasia, lateral Campbell CD, Chong JX, Malig M, Ko A, Dumont BL, Han L, etal. (November 2012). "Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population". Nature Genetics. 44 (11): 1277–81. doi: 10.1038/ng.2418. PMC 3483378. PMID 23001126. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( link) Four or more tumor‐involved nodes or any number of in‐transit, satellite, and/or microsatellite metastases with 2 or more tumor‐involved nodes, or any number of matted nodes without or with in‐transit, satellite, and/or microsatellite metastases Two kinds of experimental treatments developed at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), have been used in metastatic melanoma with tentative success. [42] Ipilimumab was approved by the FDA in March 2011 to treat patients with late-stage melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery. [187] [188] [189]

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Advances in high resolution ultrasound scanning have enabled surveillance of metastatic burden to the sentinel lymph nodes. [191] The Screening and Surveillance of Ultrasound in Melanoma trial (SUNMEL) is evaluating ultrasound as an alternative to invasive surgical methods. [192] Oncolytic virotherapy [ edit ] Mole that is increasing in size, has irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown. [1] UV nail lamps, which are used in nail salons to dry nail polish, are another common and widespread source of UV radiation that could be avoided. [96] [97] Although the risk of developing skin cancer through UV nail lamp use is low, it is still recommended to wear fingerless gloves and/or apply SPF 30 or greater sunscreen to the hands before using a UV nail lamp. [96] [97] The Screening and Surveillance of Ultrasound in Melanoma trial (SUNMEL)". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009.