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Statistical Bulletin 2018 —prevalence of drug use". www.emcdda.europa.eu . Retrieved 5 February 2019. Treatment with contingency management, such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine. [156] Vaccine Robins RJ, Waltons NJ, Hamill JD, Parr AJ, Rhodes MJ (October 1991). "Strategies for the genetic manipulation of alkaloid-producing pathways in plants". Planta Medica. 57 (7 Suppl): S27-35. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960226. PMID 17226220. S2CID 45912704. DrugFacts: Cocaine". National Institute on Drug Abuse. April 2013. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2015.

Thomas McFadden returned to the UK and painted houses for a living, before finally returning to his native Tanzania. [7] Rusty has stated that he and Thomas have remained close friends, and that Thomas named his first son 'Rusty'. [5] In 2015, Rusty and Thomas reunited and returned secretly to the prison to film a segment for Australia's Sunday Night program. [8] Hampton WH, Hanik I, Olson IR (2019). "[Substance Abuse and White Matter: Findings, Limitations, and Future of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Research]". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 197 (4): 288–298. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.005. PMC 6440853. PMID 30875650. Lluch J, Rodríguez-Arias M, Aguilar MA, Miñarro J (November 2005). "Role of dopamine and glutamate receptors in cocaine-induced social effects in isolated and grouped male OF1 mice". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 82 (3): 478–87. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.10.003. PMID 16313950. S2CID 13307446. World Drug Report 2021: Booklet 4 (PDF). [S.l.]: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2021. p.35. ISBN 978-92-1-148361-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021.

Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids, including cocaine — for over a thousand years. [158] The coca leaf was, and still is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing. [159] There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of trepanation. [160] Misuse of Drugs Act 1981" (PDF). Slp.wa.gov.au. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Medicalization "Cocaine toothache drops", 1885 advertisement of cocaine for dental pain in children Advertisement in the January 1896 issue of McClure's Magazine for Burnett's Cocaine "for the hair" Bottle of cocaine solution, Germany, circa 1915 Coca herbal infusion (also referred to as coca tea) is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as "coca tea" has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. In Peru, the National Coca Company, a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U.S. for medicinal use. [128] Cocaine". www.talktofrank.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017.

Frazer KM, Richards Q, Keith DR (August 2018). "The long-term effects of cocaine use on cognitive functioning: A systematic critical review". Behavioural Brain Research. 348: 241–262. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.005. PMID 29673580. S2CID 4992738. Dwyer C, Sowerby L, Rotenberg BW (August 2016). "Is cocaine a safe topical agent for use during endoscopic sinus surgery?". The Laryngoscope (Review). 126 (8): 1721–1723. doi: 10.1002/lary.25836. PMID 27075241.

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Leete E, Bjorklund JA, Kim SH (1988). "The biosynthesis of the benzoyl moiety of cocaine". Phytochemistry. 27 (8): 2553–2556. Bibcode: 1988PChem..27.2553L. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(88)87026-2.

Leete E, Bjorklund JA, Couladis MM, Kim SH (1991). "Late intermediates in the biosynthesis of cocaine: 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoate and methyl ecgonine". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (24): 9286–9292. doi: 10.1021/ja00024a039.

Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. [186] Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Fischman M, Foltin R, Abumrad NN, etal. (8 August 1997). "Cocaine abusers do not show loss of dopamine transporters with age". Life Sciences. 61 (11): 1059–65. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00614-0. PMID 9307051. Latorre F, Klimek L (January 1999). "Does cocaine still have a role in nasal surgery?". Drug Safety. 20 (1): 9–13. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199920010-00002. PMID 9935273. S2CID 40598106. Baigent M (2003). "Physical complications of substance abuse: what the psychiatrist needs to know". Curr Opin Psychiatry. 16 (3): 291–296. doi: 10.1097/00001504-200305000-00004. Travnikoff B (1 April 1983). "Semiquantitative screening test for cocaine". Analytical Chemistry. 55 (4): 795–796. doi: 10.1021/ac00255a048. ISSN 0003-2700.