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Neural circuit control of innate behaviors | SpringerLink Neural circuit control of innate behaviors | SpringerLink

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Depression: Symptoms, Proposed Mechanisms, and Interventions

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Logic Circuit - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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Implications for Research on the Antidepressant Effect of Deep-Brain Stimulation

Discovery #Mindblown Action Circuitry Electronic Experiment Set lets children build their own experiments that are powered with real electricity! In the following subsections we summarize evidence that gave rise to the series-circuit hypothesis as well as evidence that challenges this longstanding account of brain-reward circuitry. We then discuss the implications of the convergence model for interpretation of the effect of MFB stimulation on relief of treatment-resistant depression. Intracranial Self-Stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle: Phenomenology A flood of research findings emerged during the first decade following the seminal discovery of Olds and Milner. Among these were the results of mapping studies that documented particularly vigorous lever-pressing behavior for stimulation of the MFB ( Olds and Olds, 1963). That decade also saw the introduction of pharmacological approaches ( Olds, 1958b; Stein and Ray, 1960; Stein and Seifter, 1961). Refinement of behavioral methods for drawing neurochemical inferences about the reward substrate and development of increasingly specific pharmacological agents helped build a consensus that dopamine neurons play a crucial role in the phenomenon ( Franklin, 1978; Wise, 1978, 1980). In parallel, psychophysical inference of anatomical and physiological properties of the directly activated neurons underlying the rewarding effect implicated non-dopaminergic neurons with highly excitable ( Yeomans, 1975, 1979), myelinated ( Shizgal et al., 1980; Gallistel et al., 1981; Bielajew and Shizgal, 1982, 1986) axons that course through the MFB. The properties of these neurons contrast sharply with those of dopaminergic MFB axons, which have high thresholds to activation by extracellular electrical currents ( Guyenet and Aghajanian, 1978; Yeomans et al., 1988; Anderson et al., 1996). To resolve these discrepancies, the “series-circuit” hypothesis portrays the myelinated MFB axons as a source of direct or indirect synaptic input to midbrain dopamine neurons whose excitation is responsible for the rewarding effect ( Shizgal et al., 1980; Wise, 1980; Bielajew and Shizgal, 1986). The discovery that rodents also work vigorously for specific, optical excitation of opsin-expressing midbrain dopamine neurons ( Adamantidis et al., 2011; Witten et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012) appeared to fit the series-circuit hypothesis neatly: On that view, the optical input achieves directly what the electrical stimulation achieves indirectly by driving mono- or multi-synaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons. Yeomans, J. S. (1979). The absolute refractory periods of self-stimulation neurons. Physiol. Behav. 22, 911–919. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90336-6