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Assistant in the treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon and peripheral acrocyanosis. Testosterone and other anabolics tend to be potent vasodilators, which can significantly improve bloodflow in individuals prone to vasoconstriction. [49] Child-specific: premature epiphyseal closure and associated short stature, precocious puberty in boys, delayed puberty and contrasexual precocity in girls.
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The most commonly employed human physiological specimen for detecting AAS usage is urine, although both blood and hair have been investigated for this purpose. The AAS, whether of endogenous or exogenous origin, are subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways. The primary urinary metabolites may be detectable for up to 30 days after the last use, depending on the specific agent, dose and route of administration. A number of the drugs have common metabolic pathways, and their excretion profiles may overlap those of the endogenous steroids, making interpretation of testing results a very significant challenge to the analytical chemist. Methods for detection of the substances or their excretion products in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography–mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. [185] [186] [187] [188] History [ edit ] Introduction of various anabolic steroids Since the discovery and synthesis of testosterone in the 1930s, AAS have been used by physicians for many purposes, with varying degrees of success. These can broadly be grouped into anabolic, androgenic, and other uses. Treatment of idiopathic short stature, hereditary angioedema, alcoholic hepatitis, and hypogonadism. [26] [27] Basaria S, Wahlstrom JT, Dobs AS (November 2001). "Clinical review 138: Anabolic-androgenic steroid therapy in the treatment of chronic diseases". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (11): 5108–17. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.11.7983. PMID 11701661.Masculinizing hormone therapy for transgender men, other transmasculine people, and intersex people, by producing masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as a voice deepening, increased bone and muscle mass, masculine fat distribution, facial and body hair, and clitoral enlargement, as well as mental changes such as alleviation of gender dysphoria and increased sex drive. [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]
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Berger JR, Pall L, Hall CD, Simpson DM, Berry PS, Dudley R (1996). "Oxandrolone in AIDS-wasting myopathy". AIDS. 10 (14): 1657–62. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199612000-00010. PMID 8970686. S2CID 9832782. Warne GL, Grover S, Zajac JD (2005). "Hormonal therapies for individuals with intersex conditions: protocol for use". Treatments in Endocrinology. 4 (1): 19–29. doi: 10.2165/00024677-200504010-00003. PMID 15649098. S2CID 71737774.a b c Green GA (September 2009). "Performance-enhancing drug use". Orthopedics. 32 (9): 647–649. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20090728-39. PMID 19751025. Piacentino D, et al. (2015). Anabolic-androgenic steroid use and psychopathology in athletes. A systematic review. DOI: Parkinson AB, Evans NA (April 2006). "Anabolic androgenic steroids: a survey of 500 users". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 38 (4): 644–51. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000210194.56834.5d. PMID 16679978. Copeland J, Peters R, Dillon P (March 1998). "A study of 100 anabolic-androgenic steroid users". Med. J. Aust. 168 (6): 311–2. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb140177.x. PMID 9549549. S2CID 8699231.