Edelman, Murray (2001). The Politics of Misinformation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80510-0. . Griffith, Jeremy (2011). The Book of Real Answers to Everything! – Why do people lie?. ISBN 978-1-74129-007-3.

The offence is entirely focused on the conduct of the defendant. Fraud by failing to disclose information (Section 3) Knowledge" in Section 7 (1) (a) is a strict mens rea requirement. The House of Lords in Montila [2004] UKHL 50 said: a b c d Barta, W. D.; Kiene, S. M. (2005). "Motivations for infidelity in heterosexual dating couples: The roles of gender, personality differences, and sociosexual orientation". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 22 (3): 339–360. doi: 10.1177/0265407505052440. S2CID 145727447. Blechman, Hardy; Newman, Alex (2004). DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material. DPM Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9543404-0-7. See also R v Khamki [2013] EWCA 2335 for directions in relation to consent and intoxication and R v MA, PC and RS (unreported January 2015) for a useful summary of preceding cases.

In a case where a vulnerable or immature individual has been groomed, the question of whether real or proper consent was given will usually be for the jury unless the evidence clearly indicates that proper consent was given. R v Hysa [2007] EWCA Crim 2056 If the defendant is using his own credit card knowing that he has exceeded his credit limit then the false representation will be that he had authority to use the card and that the card issuer would honour the transaction ( R v Lambie [1982] A.C. 449 HL) Robert, W.; Thompson, Nicholas S., eds., Deception. Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit. New York: State University of New York Press. Bassett, Rodney L.; Basinger, David; & Livermore, Paul. (1992, December). Lying in the Laboratory: Deception in Human Research from a Psychological, Philosophical, and Theological Perspectives. ASA3.org Assuming that the complainant had both the freedom and capacity to consent, the crucial question is whether the complainant agrees to the activity by choice.

a b Braun, Paul (January 1988). "Deception in journalism: 1987 Undergraduate Division Winner of the Carol Burnett/University of Hawaii/AEJMC Student Papers in Journalism Ethics". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 3 (1): 77–83. doi: 10.1080/08900528809358312. Zhang Yingyu, The Book of Swindles: Selections from a Late Ming Collection, translated by Christopher Rea and Bruce Rusk (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017). a b Boon, S. D.; McLeod, B. A. (2001). "Deception in Romantic Relationships: Subjective Estimates of Success at Deceiving and Attitudes toward Deception". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 18 (4): 463–476. doi: 10.1177/0265407501184002. S2CID 144821127. https://wikiislam.net/wiki/Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Lying_and_Deception. {{ cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= ( help) Simulation consists of exhibiting false information. There are three simulation techniques: mimicry (copying another model or example, such as non-poisonous snakes which have the colours and markings of poisonous snakes), fabrication (making up a new model), and distraction (offering an alternative model)The criminal law should not be used to protect private confidences. Arguments over Ownership of Property In R v C [2012] EWCA Crim 2034 the Court of Appeal considered the situation where sexual abuse continued into adulthood. The Court of Appeal approved the approach taken by the prosecution. The prosecution put its case, not on the basis that the complainant had been groomed in relation to the offences committed whilst an adult, but rather on the basis that the evidence of prolonged grooming and potential corruption of the complainant when she was a child, provided the context in which, the evidence of her apparent consent, after she had grown up, should be examined and assessed. Evidential presumptions (section 75 SOA 2003) When considering the public interest stage of the Full Code Test prosecutors should, in addition to considering the questions set out at paragraph 4.12 of the Code, take into account: Prosecutors must be acutely aware of the public interest in such cases, bear in mind the relative standing of the parties and pay particular regard to any explanation for the failure given by the Defendant. It is probable that the case law on possession of drugs will apply. The phrase "possession or control" suggests something looser than the absolute "possession" in the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. Under that Act "possession" means having physical custody of criminal property.

Section 80 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 governs the compellability of spouses and civil partners in criminal proceedings. The prosecution cannot compel a spouse or civil partner to give evidence in Fraud Act offences. Loss to a third party where a person is employed to care for an elderly or disabled person and has access to that person's bank account but abuses that position by removing funds for his own personal use. (This may also be theft); Behrens, Roy R. (2002). False colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 978-0-9713244-0-4. In R v Lawrance (Jason) [2020] EWCA Crim 971, the Court of Appeal considered the circumstances in which deception was capable of vitiating ostensible consent in sexual offences. It clarifies two areas of law: Prosecutors are advised to view ‘Consent in Sexual Cases' - which can be accessed via the Prosecution College. Sexual Offences Act 2003Robert Wright, The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. Vintage, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76399-6. In relation to many other offences there is no requirement to prove an absence of consent. Only the act itself and the age of the victim/complainant or other criteria need to be proved. They include: The defendant intentionally induced the complainant to consent by impersonation of a “person known personally to the complainant.”