This is the cornerstone of our entire business and the reason why we are personally involved in every stage of the production process – from the early phase of a product concept to when it finally gets into your hands.

Skhul 5 – a 90,000-year-old skull discovered in1932 in Skhul Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. This skull of an adult male has developed relatively modern features including a higher forehead although it still retains some archaic features including a brow ridge and slightly projecting face. This specimen and others from the Middle East are the oldest known traces of modern humans outside of Africa. They prove that Homo sapiens had started to spread out of Africa by 100,000 years ago, although it may be that these remains represent a population that did not expand beyond this region – with migrations to the rest of the world occurring later, about 60-70,000 years ago. When DNA differences among modern humans and the great apes are calibrated using the best palaeontological evidence for the split between the apes and the old world monkeys, those differences predict that the hypothetical common ancestor of modern humans, chimpanzees and bonobos lived about 8 million years ago. The rise of the hominins I think evolution is a really useful lens in which to view what goes wrong, and when, how and why," says Capra. Anne-Marie Lubenau, Director of the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence at the Bruner Foundation and author of Urban Placemaking: Building Equity by Design Although art is created for many reasons, now more than ever, it is being used to raise awareness of several issues that unite us globally. From poverty to global warming to mental illness, artists are actively realizing the influence they have over society. Our team at Made By Humans have rounded up three of our favourite artists that are using their craft to ignite meaningful change. From raising money for charity to creating pieces that interact with communities, these artists are using their talent for the betterment of society.Ellen Broad’s multi-faceted exploration of the many inter-twined aspects of artificial intelligence embarks and concludes at the same salient juncture; emerging technologies are conceived, shaped, used, governed and iterated by humans. Just as humans are inherently neither good nor bad, the systems we construct echo our moral plurality, our unconscious bias, and, frequently, our unwillingness to be critically interrogated.

Sometime before 4 million years ago we see the first evidence of the genus Australopithecus. These fossils sample the kind of creature that was most likely the ancestor to the genus Homo. A number of further migrations out of Africa probably occurred after the initial Homo ergaster migration, one of which, Homo heidelbergensis, is considered by many palaeoanthropologists to be the ancestor of both Neanderthals ( Homo neanderthalensis) and modern humans ( Homo sapiens). The evidence from DNA shows that there was interbreeding between our species and pre-modern humans, including the Neanderthals and the other enigmatic hominin referred to as the Denisovans.finger and toe bones are straight and without the curvature typical of our earliest australopithecine ancestors. We do not yet know how and when Homo erectus became extinct. It would appear that another unexpected side experiment in hominin evolution, known from the island of Flores and called Homo floresiensis most likely became extinct sometime after 60,000 years ago. Developments in biochemistry and immunology during the first half of the 20th century enabled the search for evidence of the relationships between modern humans and the apes to shift from macroscopic morphology to the morphology of molecules. Ahmed Z. Khan, Professor and Chair Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and editor and author of Architecture and Sustainability: Critical Perspectives for Integrated Design Notch2NL isn't the only example where genes have been duplicated in humans. Scientists have identified more than 30 gene duplications that are unique to our species. Some believe these duplications could be responsible for some of our uniquely human traits.

Goodman used a different method, immunodiffusion, to study albumin, a serum protein. He showed that the patterns produced by the albumins of modern humans and the chimpanzee were identical. He concluded that this was because the albumin molecules were, to all intents and purposes, identical. Apes and humans: related They claim that the size and shape of their body and the size of their teeth and jaws was little different from that of the australopiths. This means that their locomotion and diet had not shifted far enough in the direction of pre-modern Homo species such as Homo erectus to justify inclusion in Homo. Tool making is not enough Homo sapiens had better technology and trade networks so they coped better with the changing environment. It is possible they took advantage of the weakened Neanderthal's hunting grounds but so far it's not thought Homo sapiens caused the extinction of any other human species.

What next?

SRGAP genes play a crucial role in controlling the number of connections, known as synapses, that a neuron makes with its neighbouring cells. The more synapses a neuron has, the more information it can process. The new, human-specific SRGAP2C gene essentially allows humans to form more synapses, and stronger and denser connections between neurons. Understanding the origins of our own genus Homo means establishing what fossils we recognise as being the first early humans. The design of urban environments is complex and involves diverse needs, organisations, professions, authorities, and communities. It requires relationships to be constructed and sustained between infrastructure, resources, and populations across multiple scales. This can be quite daunting. However, at the core of urban design is a simple idea—our urban spaces are designed to allow people and communities to thrive. For that reason, a good starting point for urban designers is to focus on the way people think when engaging our built environment. This thinking is embodied, developed through the interactions between our mind, body, and the environment around us. These embodied concepts are central to how we see the world, how we move and gather, and how we interact with others. They are also the same ideas we use to design our environments and cities. Modern humans now have an average height of about 160 centimetres in females and 175 centimetres in males. Innovation techniques range from agile qualitative and quantitative research methods to popular design thinking tools and strategic frameworks.

We live in a world where real human beings make things. We also live in a world where things that once were only created byhumans, can now be done by a machine. Rahul Mehrotra, John T. Dunlop Professor in Housing and Urbanisation, Harvard University Graduate School of Design and author of The Kinetic City and Other EssaysOrganizations that don’t keep up with their customers’ needs will die. This provocative and incentivizing statement has led many firms to dive into the innovation process. Over the past 15 million years, our ancestors acquired the genetic changes that eventually made us human, and separated us from our closest living relatives – the chimpanzee and other great apes. These possible human ancestors lived alongside close relatives that were almost certainly not our ancestors. These species are called Paranthropus or robust australopiths – they had small brains, big jaw bones, large flat faces, and huge chewing teeth. In regards to Neanderthals there was a relatively long period of co-habitation (as showed by the interbreeding), there is some evidence of small-scale territorial skirmishes but no out and out war between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals.