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a b c Christopher J. H. Wright (2003). God and Morality. Oxford University Press. p.153. ISBN 978-0-19-914839-4. Sobha Singh also tried his hand at sculpture, and did the busts of some eminent Punjabis such as M.S. Randhawa, Prithvi Raj Kapur and Nirmal Chandra. He left an incomplete head study of Armrita Pritam, the first most prominent woman Punjabi poetess and fiction writer. The originals of his works are displayed in his studio at Andretta. Jaap Sahib· Akal Ustat· Bachitar Natak· Chandi Charitar· Chandi di Var· Gian Prabodh· Chobis Avtar· Brahm Avtar· Rudar Avtar· Shabad Hazare· Swayyae· Khalsa Mehma· Shastar Nam Mala· Charitropakhyan· Zafarnama· Hikayats· Dasam Granth online According to Sikh historians, Guru Gobind Singh took the harsh news about the execution of his sons, Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, with stoic calm, and wrote "What use is it to put out a few sparks when you raise a mighty flame instead?". [134] Final days Cremation of Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded, built over the place where Guru Gobind Singh was cremated in 1708. The inner chamber is still called Angitha Sahib.
The Guru died of his wounds a few days later on 7 October 1708. [144] His death fuelled a long and bitter war of the Sikhs with the Mughals. [141]Wazir Khan had proclaimed a jihad or a holy war against Banda. He was joined by the Nawab of Malerkotla, all the other Muslim chiefs and jagirdars as well as Ranghars in large numbers. Majority of his soldiers were trained men. Wazir Khan's own forces were six thousand horsemen, eight to nine thousand musketeers (burqandaz) and archers, and with these about ten guns of artillery and many elephants. In addition there were about ten thousand Ghazis. The total number of their troops was about thirty thousands. Grewal 1998, p. 70: "Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind Rai, in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind Das."
a b Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. p.14. ISBN 978-0-19-993145-3. At the rate of ten to sixteen kilometres per day, it should have taken Banda more than a hundred days to complete his journey, but he actually took about a year. Probably, he might have been frequently in hiding. The emperor must have instructed his officers to kill Banda and his band. That is why Banda travelled right across Maharashtra and Rajasthan, both of which were then in revolt against the Mughals. The Guru had three wives. On June 21, 1677, he married Mata Jito at Basantgaṛh. Together they had three sons Jujhar Singh born on 1691, Zorawar Singh born on 1696 and Fateh Singh born on 1699. He married his second wife Mata Sundari on April 4, 1684 at Anandpur with whom he had a son called Ajit Singh born on 1687. His third wife was Mata Sahib Devan whom he married at Anandpur on April 15, 1700. They had no children. Mata Sahib Devan played an instrumental role in Sikhism and was proclaimed as Mother of the Khalsa by the Guru. While the Guru was taken to a safe place, his elder sons, Sahibzada Ajit Singh aged 17, and Jujhar Singh aged 13 were killed in the Battle of Chamkaur in December 1704 against the Mughal army. [9] Piara Singh Padam in his Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji de Darbari Ratan highlights that Guru Gobind Singh gave as much regard to the pen as to the sword. [64]He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating 'halal' meat (a way of slaughtering in which the animal's throat is slit open and it is left to bleed before being slaughtered), fornication and adultery were forbidden. [51] [52] The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors. [51] The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender. [52] Gobind Singh's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued the defence of dharma, by which he meant True Religion, against the assault of Aurangzeb. [53] Anandpur Sahib gurdwara, Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa a b c d J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0. a b Shelke, Christopher (2009). Divine covenant: rainbow of religions and cultures. Gregorian Press. p.199. ISBN 978-88-7839-143-7. If you want to be kind to a Sikh, call him Sardarji"...excuse me ?!?!?!?!...a Sikh is always called Sardarji. They do not beg for respect and kindness as it comes from those non-Sikhs who know Sikh history and have a good knowledge of Sikhism. Another Sikh, who resembled the Guru, Sangat Singh, donned the Guru’s clothes and remained with the soldiers. Negotiations broke down and the Sikh soldiers chose to engage the overwhelming Mughal forces, thus allowing the Guru to escape.
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