REPELL Shield Tick Repellent for Humans - Anti Tick Spray for Humans & Clothing - Bug Spray for Body & Wardrobe - Natural Insect Repellent Spray - Natural Bug Repellent Spray Alternative (100 ml)

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The scale of harm caused by the infectious threat in terms of morbidity and mortality depends on spread, severity, availability of interventions and context. I. ricinus, both a reservoir and the vector of TBEV, is present and abundant throughout the UK ( 30). Outcomes are specified with (Outcome) beside the appropriate answer. Question 1. Is there human-to-human spread? Yes The probability of infection in the UK population is considered very low. Question 3. Is this disease endemic in humans within the UK? Yes [note 1]

Information on the risk assessment processes used by the HAIRS group can be found on GOV.UK. Summary The FSA has assessed the risk of infection with TBEV to consumers in these areas ( 51), as follows:Transmission of TBEV is highly reliant on co-feeding of nymphs and larvae, and a recent study has shown some evidence of co-infestation ( 27). You may need to be retested if you still have Lyme disease symptoms after a negative result. Treatment from a GP Consideration of whether vaccination of high-risk groups such as forestry workers is warranted at this stage, while further studies looking for evidence of human exposure or infection are undertaken. Climate change models also suggested a northern spread of TBEV in Europe ( 37). Will there be human exposure? Outcome

Some human cases have been associated with consumption of unpasteurised milk or milk products from infected animals ( 13 to 15). TBEV is rarely transmitted from human to human via transplant ( 16), blood transfusion or breastfeeding ( 17). Animal studies have shown the potential for vertical transmission from an infected mother to the foetus ( 18). Infection has also been acquired accidentally in laboratories ( 19).There is no specific treatment for TBE. Supportive treatment can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. The third and fourth cases both tested positive for TBEV by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) testing. Assessment of the risk of infection to the human population in the UK Probability In clinical cases, TBE often presents as a biphasic disease. The initial viraemic phase lasts approximately 5 days (range 2 to 10 days), and is associated with non-specific symptoms such as: Where the evidence may be insufficient to give a definitive answer to a question, the alternative is also considered. The most likely outcome is shown in solid colour and the alternative outcome in hatching. Summarised text version of Annexe B

You may also make an apple cider vinegar spray with essential oils.Fill a spray bottle 1/3 of the way with apple cider vinegar.Then add 10 drops each of geranium, cedarwood, citronella, and lemongrass essential oils andfill the rest of the bottle with water.Shake well before spraying. Recent evidence of TBEV transmission in the Netherlands highlights that climatic and other environmental factors may have an impact on changing viral distribution to parts of western Europe. Is the disease endemic in the UK? Outcome My advice, if you are a pet owner, stop running to the vet for every little thing. There are a TON of things you can do to treat and protect yourself and your pets without using dangerous products, but you’ll actually have to do a little research. And here’s a good tip. BEFORE you put anything on or in your pet, do a search for “_______ killed my cat/dog” and see how many results pop up. That includes food like Blue Buffalo, Purina, etc. One death is too many for me after watching my perfectly healthy dog who only suffered from arthritis die a slow and painful death. from drinking unpasteurised milk from ruminants affected by TBE to be Very Low to Low with medium uncertainty Approximately two-thirds of human TBEV infections are subclinical, but the clinical spectrum ranges from mild disease (non-specific febrile illness) to CNS involvement (for example, meningitis, severe meningoencephalitis with or without paralysis). Symptomatic infection can occur in all age groups, and is often more severe in adults, especially the elderly. The TBEV-Eur subtype is associated with milder disease compared to the other 2 virus subtypes.Although no confirmed autochthonous human cases (based on EU case definition) have been reported in the UK to date, since 2019, 2 probable (based on serology) and 2 PCR-positive cases of TBEV human infection have been reported in England, one of which was likely to have been acquired in Scotland. I. ricinus is the primary vector for the TBEV-Eur transmission to humans, although foodborne transmission (mainly through contaminated unpasteurised milk) is occasionally reported ( 13 to 15). For zoonoses or vector-borne disease, is the animal host or vector present in the UK? Outcome The impact of infection in the UK population is considered high. Question 12. Are effective interventions available? Yes Some people with severe symptoms will be referred to a specialist in hospital so antibiotics can be given directly into a vein.