The PCYM is part of territories that depended on yerba mate for generations; Paraguayans and indigenous people left in their oral, written, and traditional narratives myths, legends and stories based on the fieldwork, food, housing, and the cruel persecutions for debts of the workers in these places.

Tfouni, S.A.V.; Camara, M.M.; Kamikata, K.; Gomes, F.M.L.; Furlani, R. Caffeine in teas: Levels, transference to infusion and estimated intake. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 38, 661–666. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]Merchant Navy personnel, seamen discharged and immediately re-engaged on articles for further service in the same ship Turner, A. J. & Hooper, N. M. The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene family: genomics and pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 23, 177–183 (2002). Master (2,501-10,000 tons or up to 2,500 tons if home trade passenger ship of speed 15 knots or more or cable ship) Liu, C. et al. The architecture of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with postfusion spikes revealed by cryo-EM and cryo-ET. Structure 28, 1218–1224 (2020).

Li, W. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 426, 450–454 (2003). This study identifies ACE2 as the receptor for SARS-CoV. Zhang, J. et al. Structural impact on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by D614G substitution. Science 372, 525–530 (2021). This study provides the cryo-EM structure of the unmodified full-length SARS-CoV-2 S protein with the D614G mutation, supporting its role in stabilizing S1–S2 association. Ramallo, L.; Smorcewski, M.; Valdez, E.C.; Paredes, A.M.; Schmalko, M.E. Contenido nutricional del extracto acuoso de la yerba mate en tres formas diferentes de consumo. Aliment. Latinoam. 1998, 32, 48–52. [ Google Scholar]The earliest available therapy for COVID-19 was infusion of convalescent plasma. Studies show that convalescent plasma may offer modest protection against progression to severe disease or death when administered early in the course of infection 240, 241, but most trials in hospitalized patients showed no significant benefit 242, 243, 244. Moreover, plasma therapy is complicated by the wide variation in neutralizing activity of donor plasma 245. Instituto National de la Yerba Mate. Informe Abril 2021. Informe del Sector Yerbatero; Instituto National de la Yerba Mate 1-8: Posadas, Argentine, 2021; Available online: https://inym.org.ar/descargar/publicaciones/estadisticas/2021.html (accessed on 6 April 2021). In his book, Maté states his belief that, "You can’t cleave biology from biography," and he expands on that belief while talking to Ray: Voloch, C. M. et al. Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00119-21 (2021). Yerba mate has been enjoyed for centuries by people across South America. It is traditionally enjoyed hot with a filtered straw in a hollow gourd, while other people prefer drinking it over ice. The plant is a member of the holly family and produces a strong, bitter drink similar to green tea. Yerba mate is known as a natural remedy for:

Worn on the upper left sleeve, these badges indicated rank. Though earlier there had been four, by 1914 there were only two. The badge for chief petty officers had been eliminated in 1890 when the Class I uniform was standardized. The rank of petty officer second class had been phased out beginning in 1907, and its insignia (a single foul anchor with a crown) was dropped from the uniform regulations in 1913. Gold badges were worn on Number 1 uniforms, red on other blue uniforms and blue on white. Petty Officers Lan, J. et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature 581, 215–220 (2020). Together with Shang, J. et al., t his study provides one of two early crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD–ACE2 complex, revealing how the S protein recognizes its receptor. Krempl, C., Schultze, B., Laude, H. & Herrler, G. Point mutations in the S protein connect the sialic acid binding activity with the enteropathogenicity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. J. Virol. 71, 3285–3287 (1997). Gobeil, S. M. et al. D614G mutation alters SARS-CoV-2 spike conformation and enhances protease cleavage at the S1/S2 junction. Cell Rep. 34, 108630 (2021). Shang, J. et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 581, 221–224 (2020). Together with Lan, J. et al., t his study provides one of two early crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD–ACE2 complex, showing how the S protein recognizes its receptor.

In the PCYM this yerba mate culture has given rise to rich tangible and intangible manifestations in the territory, with a unique legacy, seeking to protect the various types of Yerba Mate production: from artisanal production with the typical barbacua and the extraction of natural yerba mate of protected forests, to industrial production with Yerba Mate crops in open air. The PCYM includes a series of museums, which preserve the rich cultural history linked to Yerba Mate, tourist attractions and interpretation centres that aim to socialize the rich legacy and craft production centres, where native peoples keep alive the relationship between Yerba Mate and their spirituality.

Fan, X., Cao, D., Kong, L. & Zhang, X. Cryo-EM analysis of the post-fusion structure of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein. Nat. Commun. 11, 3618 (2020). Schultze, B., Gross, H. J., Brossmer, R. & Herrler, G. The S protein of bovine coronavirus is a hemagglutinin recognizing 9-O-acetylated sialic acid as a receptor determinant. J. Virol. 65, 6232–6237 (1991). Part A of the examination will be an integral part of the assessment for the MCA OOW Unlimited, II/1, Certificate of Competency (CoC). All OOW Unlimited, II/1, candidates with a first attempt Notice of Eligibility (NOE) issued from 1 May 2023 and all OOW Unlimited, II/1, candidates (including resits) with an NOE issued from 1 June 2023 must successfully complete Part A before being able to book Part B of the examination.Chief Ship's Cook (chief petty officer), Ship's Cook (petty officer), Leading Cook's Mate, Cook's Mate, Second Cook's Mate