Solgar Choline 250 mg / Inositol 250 mg Vegetable Capsules - Pack of 50 - Supports Metabolising Nutrients - Improves Transport of Fat for a Clear Liver - Vegan and Gluten Free

Product Information

Chatterjee, J.; Majumder, A. L. (September 2010). "Salt-induced abnormalities on root tip mitotic cells of Allium cepa: prevention by inositol pretreatment". Protoplasma. 245 (1–4): 165–172. doi: 10.1007/s00709-010-0170-4. PMID 20559853. S2CID 9128286.

Warber, J. P., Patton, J. F., Tharion, W. J., Zeisel, S. H., Mello, R. P., Kemnitz, C. P., and Lieberman, H. R. The effects of choline supplementation on physical performance. Int.J.Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(2):170-181. View abstract. People use inositol for many different health conditions. Research has shown that the supplement may help with the following: Metabolic syndrome Laurence, W. L. (April 17, 1936). "Corn by-product yields explosive". The New York Times. p.7. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Cavalli, P.; Ronda, E. (2017). "Myoinositol: the bridge (PONTI) to reach a healthy pregnancy". International Journal of Endocrinology. 2017: 5846286. doi: 10.1155/2017/5846286. PMC 5274721. PMID 28243254. Buchman, A. L., Ament, M. E., Sohel, M., Dubin, M., Jenden, D. J., Roch, M., Pownall, H., Farley, W., Awal, M., and Ahn, C. Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2001;25(5):260-268. View abstract.The Western diet guarantees a daily intake of around 1g of MYO, but the absorption may be affected by a number of factors such as age, use of medications or substances like caffeine ( 52, 53). von Allworden, H. N., Horn, S., Kahl, J., and Feldheim, W. The influence of lecithin on plasma choline concentrations in triathletes and adolescent runners during exercise. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol Occup.Physiol 1993;67(1):87-91. View abstract. a b Carlomagno, G.; Unfer, V.; Roseff, S. (2011). "The D- chiro-inositol paradox in the ovary". Fertility and Sterility. 95 (8): 2515–6. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.027. PMID 21641593. Another study in people with OCD found that 18 grams of inositol each day improved symptoms better than a placebo ( 5). At the peripheral level, myo-inositol is convertedto D- chiro-inositol by a specific epimerase. Only a minor fraction of myo-inositol is converted into D- chiro-inositol. [3] The activity of this epimerase is insulin dependent, causing a reduction of D- chiro-inositol in muscle, fat, and liver when there is insulin resistance. [11] [3] D- chiro-inositol reduces the conversion of testosterone to estrogen, thereby increases the levels of testosterone and worsening PCOS. [3]

Chawla, R. K., Wolf, D. C., Kutner, M. H., and Bonkovsky, H. L. Choline may be an essential nutrient in malnourished patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1989;97(6):1514-1520. View abstract.Das, S., Gupta, K., Gupta, A., and Gaur, S. N. Comparison of the efficacy of inhaled budesonide and oral choline in patients with allergic rhinitis. Saudi.Med.J. 2005;26(3):421-424. View abstract.

MYO is a second messenger in the phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent inositol phosphate Ca 2+/DAG pathway, which leads to the production of H 2O 2 required for the synthesis of TH. Consequently, depletion of MYO or impaired inositol-dependent TSH signaling pathway may predispose to the development of hypothyroidism ( 62). In the last years, a growing interest for the role of MYO in thyroid pathophysiology has fostered new studies on its possible involvement in SCH and AITDs. In 2013, Nordio M. and Pajalich R. investigated the effectiveness of MYO oral treatment in women with AITD-related SCH. Forty-eight participants, with TSH comprised between 4.01 and 9.99 mIU/L and with positive TPOAb and TgAb, were randomly divided in two equal groups and treated either with 600 mg of MYO plus 83 μg of selenium (MYO+Se) or only 83 μg of selenium (Se) for 6 months. The authors found significant improvements of thyroid parameters in the MYO+Se group at the end of the study: 31% decrease of TSH (4.4 ± 0.9 vs 3.1 ± 0.6 mIU/mL), 44% decrease of TPOAb and 48% decrease of TgAb (p<0.01 for each parameter). In contrast, women in the Se group experienced improvement only in the antibody levels, with no change in the TSH level ( 63). Subsequent studies confirmed these findings. Morgante etal. investigated the prevalence of SCH in insulin resistant PCOS patients and the possible effect of inositol as insulin sensitizer. After 6 months of inositol + metformin treatment, TSH decreased significantly (4.00 ± 1.98 to 2.35 ± 1.65 mU/L), compared to metformin only ( 64). Narkewicz MR, Caldwell S Jones G. Cysteine supplementation and reduction of total parenteral nutrition-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in the weanling rat. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;21(1):18-24. Chhabra, S. K., Wadehra, N. R., Gaur, S. N., Joshi, A. P., and Agrawal, K. P. Prophylactic treatment of bronchial asthma with theophylline, disodium cromoglycate and choline--a clinical, physiological and biochemical assessment. Indian J.Chest Dis.Allied Sci. 1987;29(2):65-76. View abstract.

Choline for Fatty Liver Disease: The Verdict

PCOS is a syndrome that occurs when a woman’s body produces abnormally high amounts of certain hormones. Vitamin B complex supplements are available in several forms, including capsules and liquid. Evidence suggests there’s not a significant difference in the effectiveness of these forms. Inositol, a cyclic polyol with 6 hydroxyl groups, extracted, was isolated for the first time from muscle tissue by Schererer in 1980 ( 45). Inositols may exist in 9 possible isoforms ( 46). Myo-inositol (MYO) was the first isoform identified and it is the most abundant (more than 99%) in the eukaryotic cells ( 47). Dietary intake is the main source of MYO, either as free form or as phytate (IP6) ( 48). IP6 is more common in vegetables, while free inositol is more commons in animal sources. Dietary IP6 is metabolized by bacterial phytases (homologous of the mammalian InsP6 phosphatase) to produce free MYO, orthophosphate, and inositol-phosphate derivatives (i.e. mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-phosphate esters) ( 49, 50). Fresh fruits, vegetables, beans and cereals are valuable inositol sources. In particular, large amounts of phytates are present in dried nuts, such as almonds, walnuts, and Brazilian nuts (9.4, 6.7 and 6.3% of dry weight, respectively) ( 49). Boeke CE, Gillman MW, Hughes MD, et al. Choline intake during pregnancy and child cognition at age 7 years. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177(12):1338-47. View abstract.

Besides improving TSH levels (indicating improved TH-synthesis by the thyrocytes), MYO improves thyroid antibody levels, indicating ameliorations of the autoimmune process. HT is characterized by increased levels of Interferon γ (IFN-γ), which stimulates natural killer cells and lymphocytes CD4+ and CD8+ to secrete CXCL10 cytokine. CXCL10 is an important inflammatory marker for the thyroid, since it causes a strong inflammatory response that damages thyroidal morphology and functionality ( 70). Up to 4 grams of inositol daily has been taken by pregnant women in studies without adverse effects, though more research is needed in this population ( 37, 38).When plants are exposed to increasing concentrations of road salt, the plant cells become dysfunctional and undergo apoptosis, leading to inhibited growth. Inositol pretreatment could reverse these effects. [25] Research and clinical applications [ edit ] Psychiatry [ edit ] Depression [ edit ] https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/vitamin-b12-injections/faq-20058145 The use of inositols in PCOS is gaining more importance, and an efficacy higher than 70% with a strong safety profile is reported. On the other hand, about 30% of patients could show as inositol-resistant. [45] New evidence regarding PCOS aetiopathogenesis describes an alteration in the species and the quantity of each strain characterizing the normal gastrointestinal flora. This alteration could lead to chronic, low-level inflammation and malabsorption. [46] A possible solution could be represented by the combination of myo-inositol and α-lactalbumin. This combination shows a synergic effect in increasing myo-inositol absorption. [47] A recent study reported that the myo-inositol and α-lactalbumin combination is able to increase myo-inositol plasmatic content in inositol-resistant patients with a relative improvement of hormonal and metabolic parameters. [48] Most people don’t need to worry about the amount of choline they get each day. However, certain groups of people can use choline supplements to make sure they’re getting enough. These people include: