Proceedings, of the Worcester Society of Entiquity, Vol. 21 (Classic Reprint)

Product Information

Roman Empire at largest extent under Trajan after having conquered modern-day Romania, Iraq and Armenia. The Eastern Roman empire's capital city of Constantinople was left as the only unconquered large urban center of the original Roman empire, as well as being the largest city in Europe. Yet many classical books, sculptures, and technologies survived there along with classical Roman cuisine and scholarly traditions, well into the Middle Ages, when much of it was "rediscovered" by visiting Western crusaders. Indeed, the inhabitants of Constantinople continued to refer to themselves as Romans, as did their eventual conquerors in 1453, the Ottomans. (see Rûm and Romaioi.) The classical scholarship and culture that was still preserved in Constantinople were brought by refugees fleeing its conquest in 1453 and helped to spark the Renaissance (see Greek scholars in the Renaissance). Hildebrand, Elisabeth; et al. (2018). "A monumental cemetery built by eastern Africa's first herders near Lake Turkana, Kenya". PNAS. 115 (36): 8942–8947. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721975115. PMC 6130363. PMID 30127016. Further information: Religions of the ancient Near East, Ancient Egyptian religion, Historical Vedic religion, Ancient Greek religion, Hellenistic philosophy, Roman imperial cult, Early Christianity, and Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism

decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, while the Eastern Roman Empire persisted throughout the Middle Ages, in a state called the Roman Empire by its citizens, and labeled the Byzantine Empire by later historians. BC: An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying Nineveh and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire. The Achaemenid Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, who first became king of the Persians, then conquered the Medes, Lydia, and Babylon by 539 BC. The empire built on earlier Mesopotamian systems of government to govern their large empire. By building roads, they improved both the ability to send governmental instructions throughout their lands as well as improving the ability of their military forces to be deployed rapidly. Increased trade and upgraded farming techniques increased wealth, but also exacerbated inequalities between social classes. The empire's location at the centre of trading networks spread its intellectual and philosophical ideas throughout a wide area, and its religion, while not itself spreading far, had an impact on later religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. [42] Cyrus' son Cambyses II conquered Egypt, while a later emperor, Darius the Great, expanded the empire to the Indus River, creating the largest empire in the world to that date. [43] But Darius and his son Xerxes I failed to expand into Greece, with expeditions in 490 and 480 BC eventually failing. [44] The Achaemenid dynasty and empire fell to Alexander the Great by 330 BC, and after Alexander's death, much of the area previously ruled by the Cyrus and his successors was ruled by the Seleucid dynasty. [45] Assimilation of Baltic and Aryan Peoples by Uralic Speakers in the Middle and Upper Volga Basin (Shaded Relief BG)BC: King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Land of Punt in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time. The East Asian nations adjacent to China were all profoundly influenced by their interactions with Chinese civilisation. Korea and Vietnam were brought under Han rule by Han Wudi in the second century BC, and this rule led to cultural influences on both areas for many centuries to come. [124] Wudi also faced a threat from the Xiongnu, a nomadic people from the Central Asian steppes. Wudi's invasions ended the Xiongnu state. [125] BC – 100 AD: Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region of Africa develop iron forging techniques that enable them to produce carbon steel. [21] The Ta-Seti kingdom in Nubia to the south of Egypt was conquered by Egyptian rulers around 3100 BC, but by 2500 BC the Nubians had created a new kingdom further south, known as the Kingdom of Kush, centred on the upper Nile with a capital at Kerma. [77] In the Egyptian New Kingdom period, Kush once more was conquered by Egypt. However, by 1100 BC a new kingdom of Kush had formed, with a capital at Napata. Nubian rulers conquered Egypt around 760 BC and retained control for about a century. [78] Aksum and ancient Ethiopia [ edit ] The Ezana Stone records negus Ezana's conversion to Christianity and conquests of his neighbors.

Bentley, Jerry H.; Ziegler, Herbert F. (2006). Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past Volume I: From the Beginning to 1500 (3rded.). Boston: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-299827-6. Ancient technological progress began before the recording of history, with tools, use of fire, [177] domestication of animals, and agriculture all predating recorded history. [178] The use of metals and the ability to make metal alloys was foundational for later technologies to develop. [179] Medical knowledge, including the use of herbs to treat illnesses and wounds as well as some surgical techniques, advanced during antiquity. [180] An early very important development that allowed for further advancement was writing, which allowed humans to record information for later use. [181] Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Roman Empires. The classical period of Ancient Greece corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuriesBC, in particular, from the fall of the Athenian tyranny in 510BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323BC. In 510, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow the tyrant Hippias, son of Peisistratos. CleomenesI, king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy conducted by Isagoras. The precise end of the Republic is disputed by modern historians; [note 2] Roman citizens of the time did not recognize that the Republic had ceased to exist. The early Julio-Claudian Emperors maintained that the res publica still existed, albeit under the protection of their extraordinary powers, and would eventually return to its full Republican form. The Roman state continued to call itself a res publica as long as it continued to use Latin as its official language.Main article: Ancient Egypt Khafre's Pyramid ( 4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2500 BC or perhaps earlier) BC – 2270 BC: Akkadian Empire is founded, dating depends upon whether the Middle chronology or the Short chronology is used. Despite the fact that the Western Roman secular authority disappeared entirely in Europe, it still left traces. The Roberts, J. M.; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The Penguin History of the World (Sixthed.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-84614-443-1.