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Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2018). Final Evaluation of the Project Sustainable Community Management and Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Cameroon. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Scientific Basis—Summary for Policymakers. Law No. 96/12 of 5 August 1996 on the framework law for environmental management 1. According to this law, mangrove ecosystems are subject to special protection that takes into account their role and importance in the conservation of marine biological diversity and the maintenance of coastal ecological balances (art. 94). This law defines in particular the modalities of protection of the coast and marine waters (section 3). Thus, in its article 34, paragraph 2, it is mentioned that only light and dismountable installations are authorised on the maritime and river public domain, as a temporary occupation, to the exclusion of any permanent construction or residential use.
Given the concentration of both biophysical and socio-economic issues that characterise Cameroon’s coastal zones, adaptation is necessary if the population need to continuously live in this environment. The implementation of an integrated coastal zone management policy to inform risk, ensure prevention, protection and repair is a vital component of adaptation. This paper aims to question the risk management policies related to coastline recession by public authorities in Cameroon and in Kribi in particular. More specifically, the aim is to determine the political and legal framework of coastal risk management in Cameroon, to identify the actors and their roles, to determine the actions that are envisaged and implemented as well as their impacts on the evolution of risks linked to the retreat of the coastline in Kribi. The GEM-CG project involves several countries in the Gulf of Guinea, including Cameroon. The first phase of the project focused on the assessment, monitoring, improvement and management of the marine and coastal environment. The second phase of the project focused on combating the decline in fisheries resources and the degradation of coastal areas in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem through regional ecosystem actions. This project resulted in the production in 2011 of the report on the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo region in Cameroon. This report provides an overview of the situation and presents an action plan for the implementation of ICZM in this part of Cameroon. According to the report, the Kribi-Campo area is characterised by endemic coastal erosion, which degrades the coast, beaches and infrastructure. This phenomenon is generally accelerated by human activities such as beach sand mining, and by global warming which results in rapid sea level rise. The document ends with the proposal of an Integrated Management Plan for the Kribi-Campo Region of Cameroon based on seven (7) components, namely 1) fisheries resources management; 2) coastal development and land use planning; 3) pollution control and waste management; 4) tourism management; 5) natural risk management in the Kribi - Campo area; 6) governance and capacity building and 7) Mangrove, Forest and Wildlife management in the Kribi Campo coastal area. The objective of the management plan is to effectively manage, through a global and concerted vision, the resources of the coastal and marine zone. and legal framework for the implementation of these initiatives. It is therefore necessary to develop an Tricot, A. (2012). Adaptation Capacities of Coastal Societies to Erosion-Submergence Risks in the Face of Climate Change. UMR PACTE. Decentralised local authorities (Regions and Council, etc.) are responsible, among other things, for planning land use at the local level and organising local development by integrating disaster risk management, including that related to coastal recession. As part of the decentralisation process in Cameroon, their competences have been strengthened in terms of regulations, making these bodies the pivot of territorial development. However, the modalities of intervention of these actors in the maritime domain are subject to the approval of the State as indicated in Article 31 of Law 2019/024 of 24 December 2019 on the general code of decentralised territorial authorities.The Ministry of Tourism and Leisure (MINTOUL) is responsible for the elaboration of national policy in the field of tourism. Its activities should be intense in coastal cities where the tourism sector is a key element of the economy and results in various types of development (hotels, restaurants, etc.) on the seafront with a more or less serious impact on the evolution of the coastline.
The MEAO is the main public institution involved in the management of the coastal strip, specifically the Ocean Department. Its missions include: carrying out or commissioning studies that enable it to produce a report containing appropriate, concrete and detailed proposals on the actions to be undertaken for rapid, integrated and comprehensive local development of the intervention zone; ensuring the safeguarding of the natural environmental and tourist resources of the zones; monitoring the procedures for the rational occupation of the public maritime domain, the national domain and the State domain in the Ocean Department; etc. However, it appears from observations, literature and testimonies that this organisation has difficulty in fulfilling the missions assigned to it, particularly due to the nature of its prerogatives, which are limited to studies to the detriment of the implementation of concrete development projects. Also, it is said to be in competition with other public establishments such as the Autonomous Port of Kribi (PAK). The project on the conservation and participatory management of mangrove ecosystems is one of the implementation mechanisms of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem project. The project focused on three coastal areas of Cameroon including the Kribi-Campo area in the Southern Region. Within the framework of this project, several activities were carried out, including the restoration of mangrove ecosystems in Londji by the NGO CAFARD. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability—Summary for Policymakers. In summary, a political, legal and institutional framework for coastal zone management exists in Cameroon. However, initiatives designed to promote integrated coastal zone management are having difficulty in its implementation. This situation is due to the complexity of the institutional and legal framework for the implementation of these initiatives. It is therefore necessary to develop integrated management strategies that take into account the role of each institution and that clearly define an effective mechanism for intervention and coordination between actors. Also, the analysis of these different programmes and projects actually carried out in the field shows that the risks linked to coastal erosion and marine submersion are poorly taken into account in favour of the protection of mangrove ecosystems, whose impacts are mixed. Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection of Cameroon (2011). Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo Region of Cameroon.
Many initiatives have been developed by the State of Cameroon with the support in some cases of development partners for the integrated management of coastal zones. A distinction is made between initiatives with a national scope and those with a local scope. Nyogok, S. (2008). The Protection of the Cameroonian Coastline in the Light of International Environmental Law. Master’s Thesis, University of Limoges. Ghjhgj has a lot of nervous energy that is always seeking an outlet. They value their freedom and see life as an ongoing adventure. With an upbeat and optimistic outlook, Ghjhgj brings a positive energy to those around them. Personality Traits of the Name Ghjhgj Looking for a new meaning for the letters in Ghjhgj? Generate Fancy Text Styles for the Name Ghjhgj
The exploitation of regulatory texts reveals that Cameroon has a set of international and national legal texts that directly or indirectly guide the management of coastal zones. Law No. 2004/003 of 21 April 2004 governing urban planning in Cameroon 3. Article 9 of this text stipulates that: land exposed to natural hazards (floods, erosion, landslides, earthquakes, etc.), parts of the public domain classified as such, and ecologically protected areas as defined by legislation relating to environmental management, are unbuildable, except for special prescriptions. According to the provisions of this text, it should contribute to regulating the occupation of the coastal strip. Noblet, M. (2015). Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas in Canada and Senegal, a North-South Comparison. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amiens.
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Ghjghj is a free spirit, always seeking change, adventure, and excitement. The nucleus around which their life revolves is freedom, just like a bird needs its wings to survive, they need freedom for their very survival. The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) was developed by Cameroon in 2015. This plan guides the necessary actions to ensure the country’s adaptation to the effects of climate change in accordance with the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which Cameroon has ratified. This document reveals that the coastal Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) with monomodal rainfall are among the most vulnerable zones to the effects of climate change. The main exposure factors identified are sea level rise, extreme weather events and flooding. The PNACC proposes an adaptation policy based on 4 strategic axes that integrate multiple projects (15), one of which is “Protection of the coastline against the effects of climate change”. Achievements under this plan have been slow to materialise, although its implementation period was planned between 2016 and 2020.
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