Fortress of the Muslim (Pocket Size)

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The term qasaba was historically flexible but it essentially denotes a fortress, commonly a citadel that protects a city or settlement area, or that serves as the administrative center. [7] :228 [8] :122 [9] :282 [4] A kasbah citadel typically housed the military garrison and other privileged buildings such as a palace, along with other amenities such as a mosque and a hammam (bathhouse). [8] :147 [9] :135 Some kasbahs are built in a strategic elevated position overlooking the city, like the Kasbah of the Oudayas in Rabat, Morocco, or the Alcazaba of Málaga in Spain. [9] :135 [7] It could also be a large purpose-built royal quarter, protected by its own set of walls, that housed the palace of the ruler and the administration of the state. Examples of this include the Kasbah of Marrakesh and the Kasbah of Tunis, both founded by the Almohads, who built or redeveloped similar palace enclosures in many important cities of their empire. [9] :141 [10] [8] :195–197 In some cases, kasbahs could be simple fortified enclosures around a city that housed military garrisons, without being the main citadel. In Fez, for example, there were up to 13 kasbahs built throughout the city in different periods, including the Kasbah an-Nouar and the Kasbah Cherarda. [11] [12]

The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End, Elizabeth Drayson

Outsiders' accounts

Most of the names used today for specific structures and locations within the Alhambra are imaginative names coined after the medieval period, often in the 19th century. [19] [6] The original Arabic names of the Nasrid-era buildings are not known, although some scholars have proposed connections between certain buildings and some of the names mentioned in historical sources. [6] History [ edit ] Origins and early history [ edit ] Remains of the Puente del Cadí (formerly Bāb al-Difāf), an 11th-century Zirid fortification that enabled soldiers on the Sabika hill to access the river during times of siege Kenny, Daniel (1875). "Illustrated Cincinnati". Stevens. p.106. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 . Retrieved 19 May 2013. Smaller jars and vases were also kept in niches in the walls and entrances of many rooms of the Alhambra. A taqa, a niche set into the walls under an archway (in the jambs), was a characteristic element of Nasrid architecture where such jars were kept, possibly filled with water for visitors. Examples of these niches are found in the entrance to the Hall of Ambassadors. [232] [229]

CVC. Rinconete. Acordes". Cvc.cervantes.es. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 April 2012. Four halls are arranged around the courtyard. The Sala de los Mocárabes ('Hall of the mocárabes ( muqarnas)'), on the west side, was damaged in 1590 by the explosion of a nearby gunpowder magazine and its ceiling was replaced by the current Baroque-style plaster vault in 1714. [164] [165] The Sala de los Reyes [ es] ('Hall of Kings'), on the east side, is subdivided into multiple sections covered by muqarnas vaults. Opening behind these are several more rooms, three of which contain rounded vault ceilings covered by unique pictorial scenes painted on leather. One painting shows a Nasrid sultan and other dignitaries sitting and discussing together while the two other paintings feature scenes of sports, hunting, and court life. [166] [167] The style of painting was influenced to one extent or another by Christian Gothic art. [166] [168] [167] [169] Muqarnas dome in the Hall of the Two Sisters The Early Muslim fortified city of Ayla was already in a dilapidated state in 1116, when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem reached it forcing its inhabitants to flee by ship to a nearby island. [2] The Crusaders left a garrison behind in a small fort, which they either built themselves, or more likely, according to archaeologist Donald Whitcomb, inherited from the Ayyubids. [2] Whichever the case, no 12th-century material could be identified during excavations anywhere at Aqaba, and Whitcomb's assumption is that it has been completely razed when the Mamluks built their own fort at the same location. [2] Mamluk and Early Ottoman periods [ edit ] 1840s lithograph from The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference The Contreras family members continued to be the most important architects and conservators of the Alhambra up until 1907. [70] During this period they generally followed a theory of "stylistic restoration", which favoured the construction and addition of elements to make a monument "complete" but not necessarily corresponding to any historical reality. They added elements which they deemed to be representative of what they thought was an "Arabic style", emphasizing the Alhambra's purported " Oriental" character. For example, in 1858–1859 Rafael Contreras and Juan Pugnaire added Persian-looking spherical domes to the Court of the Lions and to the northern portico of the Court of the Myrtles, even though these had nothing to do with Nasrid architecture. [70] [71]Puertas, Antonio Fernández (1997). The Alhambra. Vol.1. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-466-6. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022 . Retrieved 21 February 2022. a b c McSweeney, Anna (2015). "Versions and Visions of the Alhambra in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman World". West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture. 22 (1): 44–69. doi: 10.1086/683080. ISSN 2153-5531. JSTOR 10.1086/683080. S2CID 194180597.

The fortified structure was initially built as a khan (inn) for Muslim pilgrims from Egypt performing Hajj. [4] In 1841 it came under Egyptian control and work was done to strengthen it as a military position, with the mission to protect the same pilgrimage route. [4] Stages [ edit ]The tower of the Pointed Embattlements". Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2022. a b c d Bush, Olga (2009). "The Writing on the Wall: Reading the Decoration of the Alhambra". Muqarnas. 26: 119–148. doi: 10.1163/22118993-90000146. a b c d e f g h i j k M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Granada". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911. Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870996371. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 November 2021.

The Partal". Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022 . Retrieved 19 February 2022.En los Jardines del Generalife", the first movement of Manuel de Falla's Noches en los Jardines de España, and other pieces by composers such as Ruperto Chapí ( Los Gnomos de la Alhambra, 1891), Tomás Bretón, and many others are included in a stream referred to by scholars as Alhambrismo. [240] [241] Wilmert, Todd (2010). "Alhambra Palace Architecture: An Environmental Consideration of Its Inhabitation". Muqarnas. 27: 157–188. doi: 10.1163/22118993_02701008. Court of the Myrtles". Alhambra de Granada. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 February 2022.