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Research has shown that while caffeine remains in your system for an average of five hours, the time period may range from one and a half hours to nine hours, depending on the individual ( 17).
A neuroprotective effect of caffeine against Alzheimer's disease and dementia is possible but the evidence is inconclusive. [127] [128] Caffeine is not recommended for use in children less than 12 years of age. Safety and effectiveness in this age group have not been confirmed. a b c Burchfield G (1997). Meredith H (ed.). "What's your poison: caffeine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2014. Caffeine is also a common ingredient of soft drinks, such as cola, originally prepared from kola nuts. Soft drinks typically contain 0 to 55 milligrams of caffeine per 12 ounce (350mL) serving. [232] By contrast, energy drinks, such as Red Bull, can start at 80 milligrams of caffeine per serving. The caffeine in these drinks either originates from the ingredients used or is an additive derived from the product of decaffeination or from chemical synthesis. Guarana, a prime ingredient of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with small amounts of theobromine and theophylline in a naturally occurring slow-release excipient. [233] Other beverages Caballero B, Finglas P, Toldra F (2015). Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Elsevier Science. p.561. ISBN 978-0-12-384953-3 . Retrieved 17 June 2018.
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Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. [135]
Caffeine, like other xanthines, also acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. [173] As a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, [174] caffeine raises intracellular cyclic AMP, activates protein kinase A, inhibits TNF-alpha [175] [176] and leukotriene [177] synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity. [177] Caffeine also affects the cholinergic system where it is a moderate inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. [178] [179] Pharmacokinetics Caffeine is metabolized in the liver via a single demethylation, resulting in three primary metabolites, paraxanthine (84%), theobromine (12%), and theophylline (4%), depending on which methyl group is removed. Urinary metabolites of caffeine in humans at 48 hours post-dose [180] Caffeine is used for both prevention [34] and treatment [35] of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. It may improve weight gain during therapy [36] and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy as well as reduce language and cognitive delay. [37] [38] On the other hand, subtle long-term side effects are possible. [39] However, it has been shown to raise blood pressure in several studies due to its stimulatory effect on the nervous system ( 33, 34, 35, 36).
StatPearls [Internet].
A detailed review suggests that although caffeine triggers certain brain chemicals similarly to the way cocaine and amphetamines do, it does not cause classic addiction the way these drugs do ( 30). Theophylline (4%): Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi, and is used to treat asthma. The therapeutic dose of theophylline, however, is many times greater than the levels attained from caffeine metabolism. [46]
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