Aurora

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Confusion. Vote on what to do next. Violence. Ship intervenes. Reveal of the fate of the twin ship. Town meetings. Settling of Iris. Half the ship departs for Earth. Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields that are stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have extensive radiation belts. Auroras have been observed on both gas planets, most clearly using the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Cassini and Galileo spacecraft, as well as on Uranus and Neptune. [95] Boston operator (to Portland operator): "Please cut off your battery [power source] entirely for fifteen minutes." Changes with time [ edit ] Construction of a keogram from one night's recording by an all-sky camera, 6/7 September 2021. Keograms are commonly used to visualize changes in aurorae over time.

NASA – THEMIS Satellites Discover What Triggers Eruptions of the Northern Lights". Nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011. Thomson, E. (1917). "Inferences concerning auroras". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 3 (1): 1–7. Bibcode: 1917PNAS....3....1T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.3.1.1. PMC 1091158. PMID 16586674. a b "NASA's MAVEN Orbiter Detects Ultraviolet Aurora on Mars | Space Exploration". Sci-News.com . Retrieved 16 August 2015.A tasty, if not always tasteful, tale of supernatural mayhem that fans of King and Crichton alike will enjoy. In Scandinavia, the first mention of norðrljós (the northern lights) is found in the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá from AD 1230. The chronicler has heard about this phenomenon from compatriots returning from Greenland, and he gives three possible explanations: that the ocean was surrounded by vast fires; that the sun flares could reach around the world to its night side; or that glaciers could store energy so that they eventually became fluorescent. [86] Bower, G. E.; Milan, S. E.; Paxton, L. J.; Anderson, B. J. (May 2022). "Occurrence Statistics of Horse Collar Aurora". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (5). Bibcode: 2022JGRA..12730385B. doi: 10.1029/2022JA030385. ISSN 2169-9380. S2CID 248842161. Aurora begins with Freya and her father sailing on Long Pond. It turns out Long Pond is in the Nova Scotia biome of a spaceship. Narration follows Freya, and the reader knows only as much as she does. It is a clever introduction to a complex scenario, allowing the reader to see the world through child’s eyes, and providing for–somewhat–suspension of disbelief. Freya’s mother, Devi, is the head engineer, and we learn about various problems the ship and its people face through Devi’s troubleshooting. I found myself alternately fascinated by ship logistics and bored by the simplistic structure of the narrative: The original English text of Benjamin Franklin's article on the cause of auroras is available at: U.S. National Archives: Founders Online

Kataoka, Ryuho; Iwahashi, Kiyomi (17 September 2017). "Inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical evidence of extreme magnetic storm". Space Weather. 15 (10): 1314–1320. Bibcode: 2017SpWea..15.1314K. doi: 10.1002/2017SW001690. Auroras Make Weird Noises, and Now We Know Why". 27 June 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2016. The Gods We Can Touch is a highly intimate book, taking readers on a journey to the very heart of Aurora’s world, through her creative process and the inspiration for her acclaimed third studio album. This full-color reproduction of Aurora’s personal notebook also features all the song lyrics from the album, original album artwork and stunning photography.An aurora was described by the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th century BC. [77] Seneca wrote about auroras in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones, classifying them, for instance, as pithaei ('barrel-like'); chasmata ('chasm'); pogoniae ('bearded'); cyparissae ('like cypress trees'); and describing their manifold colors. He wrote about whether they were above or below the clouds, and recalled that under Tiberius, an aurora formed above the port city of Ostia that was so intense and red that a cohort of the army, stationed nearby for fire duty, galloped to the rescue. [78] It has been suggested that Pliny the Elder depicted the aurora borealis in his Natural History, when he refers to trabes, chasma, 'falling red flames', and 'daylight in the night'. [79] In the case of diffuse auroras, the electron pitch angles are altered by their interaction with various plasma waves. Each interaction is essentially wave-particle scattering; the electron energy after interacting with the wave is similar to its energy before interaction, but the direction of motion is altered. If the final direction of motion after scattering is close to the field line (specifically, if it falls within the loss cone) then the electron will hit the atmosphere. Diffuse auroras are caused by the collective effect of many such scattered electrons hitting the atmosphere. The process is mediated by the plasma waves, which become stronger during periods of high geomagnetic activity, leading to increased diffuse aurora at those times. Boston: "My current is very strong at times, and we can work better without the batteries, as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our relay magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble."

Robinson’s latest well-researched novel exposes the fundamental flaws in one of science fiction’s most beloved tropes: the multigenerational space ark traveling at sub–light speed to colonize a planet around a distant star. Infrared: Infrared radiation, in wavelengths that are within the optical window, is also part of many auroras. [25] [26] But as it turns out, not all endings are endings, and the team has one last chance to rewrite theirs. Maybe two. It’s complicated. Just as there are many types of aurora, there are many different mechanisms that accelerate auroral particles into the atmosphere. Electron aurora in Earth's auroral zone (i.e. commonly visible aurora) can be split into two main categories with different immediate causes: diffuse and discrete aurora. Diffuse aurora appear relatively structureless to an observer on the ground, with indistinct edges and amorphous forms. Discrete aurora are structured into distinct features with well-defined edges such as arcs, rays and coronas; they also tend to be much brighter than the diffuse aurora.Orr, L.; Chapman, S. C.; Gjerloev, J. W.; Guo, W. (23 March 2021). "Network community structure of substorms using SuperMAG magnetometers, L. Orr, S. C. Chapman, J. W. Gjerloev & W. Guo". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 1842. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22112-4. PMC 7988152. PMID 33758181. Stewart, Balfour (1861). "On the Great Magnetic Disturbance of 28 August to 7 September 1859, as Recorded by Photography at the Kew Observatory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 151: 423–430. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1861.0023. See p. 428.