There is little consensus on the magnitude of the recent AA. Numerous recent studies report the Arctic having warmed either almost twice 23, about twice 24, or more than twice 25, 26 as fast as the global average. However, the warming ratios reported in these and many other studies have usually been only referenced from older, possibly outdated, estimates and have not included recent observations. The recent Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) report 27 states the rate of Arctic warming as being three times as fast as the global warming during the period 1971–2019. Parish, T. On the role of Antarctic katabatic winds in forcing large-scale tropospheric motions. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 1374–1385 (1991). Bailey, A., Singh, H. K. & Nusbaumer, J. Evaluating a moist isentropic framework for poleward moisture transport: implications for water isotopes over Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 7819–7827 (2019). Lenton, T. M.; Held, H.; Kriegler, E.; Hall, J. W.; Lucht, W.; Rahmstorf, S.; Schellnhuber, H. J. (2008). "Inaugural Article: Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (6): 1786–93. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.1786L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705414105. PMC 2538841. PMID 18258748.

Arctic lands [ edit ] Baffin Island, Nunavut Uummannaq Island, Greenland Nenets reindeer herders in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Kotzebue, Alaska Murmansk on Russia's Kola Peninsula is the largest city in the world north of the Arctic Circle. Geographic DesignationNorth Pole drifting stations (1930s–1980s)". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2009. Addison, Kenneth (2002). Fundamentals of the physical environment. Routledge. p.482. ISBN 978-0-415-23293-7. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2015. Kirby, Alex (11 August 2020). "End of Arctic sea ice by 2035 possible, study finds". Climate News Network. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020 . Retrieved 3 September 2020. Harper, Douglas. "Antarctic". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2011.

For the near-surface air temperature, we used three in-situ temperature records and one reanalysis dataset. For in-situ datasets, we used NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature version 4 (GISTEMP) 64, the Berkeley Earth temperature dataset (BEST) 54, and the Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit version 5.0.1.0 (HadCRUT5) 55. In these datasets, near-surface air temperature is based on a combination of 2-m temperature observations over land and sea surface temperature (SST) observations over the ocean.United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)". Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 26 July 2007.