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His younger brother, Henry, Cardinal of York, died in 1807 and the Royal House of Stuart thereby became extinct. Conversely, most Irish Protestants viewed his policies as designed to "utterly ruin the Protestant interest and the English interest in Ireland". The Dutch, fighting the English from 1652, did not want another complication in their politics, so he could expect no help in that quarter (and indeed the peace treaty the two parties signed in 1654 included a clause whereby they would not offer help to Charles or any of his supporters).
The Act of Settlement 1701, passed shortly before Anne's accession, fixed the line of succession in law with the aim of permanently excluding James's descendants, and Roman Catholics in general, from the throne.
When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England decided that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II of England, and her husband William III. Even the Papacy withdrew its recognition of the Jacobite succession when James, the Old Pretender, died in 1766.
When Henry died childless, the Jacobite claim was then notionally inherited by Henry's nearest relative (a second cousin, twice removed), and then passed through a number of European royal families. Who does the tall, dark man on the left, with the elaborate wig, staring straight out at you, remind you of? Their exclusion from power between 1714 and 1742 led many Tories to remain in contact with the Jacobite court, which they saw as a potential tool for changing or pressuring the existing government. I had not known, for instance, that, following 1776, Charles was touted as a potential ruler of the newly independent American colonies – though this was no more than a fantasy of some of the more-enthusiastic Boston Jacobites.
Other than Morgan, the vast majority of their members took no part in the 1745 Rising; Charles later said "I will do for the Welsh Jacobites what they did for me. The Duke of Cumberland, the son of George II, never forgot this, making it a personal ambition to put an end for good to what he saw as a truly cancerous problem. This is the first modern history for general readers of the entire Jacobite movement in Scotland, England and Ireland, from the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688 that drove James II into exile to the death of his grandson, Cardinal Henry, Duke of York, in 1807. He takes as his point of departure the Revolution of 1688, when the English evicted James II because of his Catholicism, his absolutist tendencies, and his threat to the property and power of an essentially Protestant ruling class. There is no overall history for general readers of Britain's greatest lost cause, the restoration of our exiled royal family – the Stuarts.
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