Corgié, S.C.; Smith, H.M.; Walker, L.P. Enzymatic transformations of cellulose assessed by quantitative high-throughput Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (QHT-FTIR). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011, 108, 1509–1520. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Darmadi, Hamid (30 March 2018). "Sumpit (Blowgun) as Traditional Weapons with Dayak High Protection". Journal of Education, Teaching and Learning. 3 (1): 113. doi: 10.26737/jetl.v3i1.601.

bamboo". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Other issues to overcome are the moisture sensitivity [ 34], poor fire resistance [ 35], restricted operational temperature from the low glass transition temperature ( T g = 65 °C) of biopolymers [ 36], restricted maximum processing temperature from the maximum degradation temperature of natural fibers (~200 °C) [ 2], durability, and degradation under ultraviolet light [ 15, 37, 38].

In terms of cost, products currently on the market cost more than expected based on the price of the raw material at 16 €/m 2, because of the large initial investments paid by the developing companies [ 23]. The two general patterns for the growth of bamboo are "clumping", and "running", with short and long underground rhizomes, respectively. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses. Running bamboos need to be controlled during cultivation because of their potential for aggressive behavior. They spread mainly through their rhizomes, which can spread widely underground and send up new culms to break through the surface. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to the species, soil and climate conditions. Some send out runners of several meters a year, while others stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, over time, they can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas.

Maxwell, J.F.; Elliott, S.; Palee, P.; Anysarnsunthorn, V. The vegetation of Doi Khuntan National Park, Lamphun-Lampang Provinces, Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 1995, 43, 185–205. [ Google Scholar] McClure, Floyd A. (1966). The Bamboos - A Fresh Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p.274. ISBN 9780674061507. Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment). In Fight Against Plastic Pollution, Sikkim Introduces Bamboo Water Bottles For Tourists". indiatimes.com. 1 March 2020 . Retrieved 4 March 2020. Natural fibers are categorized based on their source in the plant, like leaves, bast, fruit, seeds, and wood [ 4]. Bamboo is the fast-growing and most prominent member of the grass family. Bamboo fibers (BF) are environmentally friendly, with fast-growing and reformed carbon dioxide from the environment, making them one of the most impressive plant fibers [ 5]. Bamboo’s benefits pave the way for its lightweight, high strength and modulus, good stiffness, and biodegradability [ 6].Staves used in the Indian martial art of gatka are commonly made from bamboo, a material favoured for its light weight. McClure, Floyd A. (1948). 1948 Yearbook of Agriculture - Grasses. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. p.738. Historically a dominant raw material in South and South East Asia, the global bamboo industry has significantly grown in recent decades in part because of the high sustainability of bamboo as compared to other biomass cultivation strategies, such as traditional timber forestry. For example, as of 2016, the U.S. Fiber corporation Resource Fiber is contracting farmers in the United States for bamboo cultivation. [50] [49] Or in 2009, United Nations Industrial Development Organization published guidelines for cultivation of bamboo in semi-arid climates in Ethiopia and Kenya. [51] Due to its flexibility, bamboo is also used to make fishing rods. The split cane rod is especially prized for fly fishing. For a comprehensive study, 20 standard specimens were manufactured for each mechanical test (tensile, compression, in-plane shear, and four-point bending). The tests were conducted according to respective standards using an testing machine (810, MTS, Madrid, Spain) equipped with 10-kN and 100-kN load cells, a 25-mm extensometer, and hydraulic grips and all of the quasi-static tests were conducted at room temperature of 25 °C and average humidity of 50%, under atmospheric pressure.

The shoots of most species are edible either raw or cooked, with the tough sheath removed. Cooking removes the slight bitterness. [69] The shoots are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions. The Indian state of Sikkim has promoted bamboo water bottles to keep the state free from plastic bottles [76]

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There is a partial sustainability argument to be made, which goes something like this; using a product made of 40% bamboo fibres, is more sustainable than using a product that is 100% plastic, because it results in less plastic waste overall. In some ways this could be a valid point. Although it doesn’t completely solve the plastic problem, it could potentially help reduce it to some extent. It seems clear that plastic production of some type will continue for years to come, due to demand for its utility, profitability, the inertia of the industry and the varying regulatory approaches globally. Ask Yourself This Bamboo 's natural hollow form makes it an obvious choice for many musical instruments. In South and South East Asia, traditional uses of bamboo the instrument include various types of woodwind instruments, such as flutes, and devices like xylophones and organs, which require resonating sections. In some traditional instruments bamboo is the primary material, while others combine bamboo with other materials such as wood and leather. Indicator of climate change [ edit ] Canavan, Susan; Richardson, David M.; Visser, Vernon; Roux, Johannes J. Le; Vorontsova, Maria S.; Wilson, John R. U. (23 December 2016). "The global distribution of bamboos: assessing correlates of introduction and invasion". AoB Plants. 9 (1): plw078. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plw078. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 5499700. PMID 28013249. A bamboo staff, sometimes with one end sharpened, is used in the Tamil martial art of silambam, a word derived from a term meaning "hill bamboo". Bamboo – The Plant and its Uses. Part of the Tropical Forestry book series (TROPICAL, volume 10), 2015.

Bamboo pulps are mainly produced in China, Myanmar, Thailand, and India, and are used in printing and writing papers. [82] Several paper industries are surviving on bamboo forests. Ballarpur (Chandrapur, Maharstra) paper mills use bamboo for paper production. The most common bamboo species used for paper are Dendrocalamus asper and Bambusa blumeana. It is also possible to make dissolving pulp from bamboo. The average fiber length is similar to hardwoods, but the properties of bamboo pulp are closer to softwood pulps due to it having a very broad fiber length distribution. [82] With the help of molecular tools, it is now possible to distinguish the superior fiber-yielding species/varieties even at juvenile stages of their growth, which can help in unadulterated merchandise production. [83] genera: Actinocladum, Alvimia, Arthrostylidium, Athroostachys, Atractantha, Aulonemia, Cambajuva, Colanthelia, Didymogonyx, Elytrostachys, Filgueirasia, Glaziophyton, Merostachys, Myriocladus, Rhipidocladum.Razal, Ramon; Palijon, Armando (2009). Non-Wood Forest Products of the Philippines. Calamba City, Laguna: El Guapo Printing Press, Calamba Printing Press. p.145. ISBN 978-971-579-058-1. Loewe, Michael (1997). "Wood and bamboo administrative documents of the Han period". In Edward L. Shaughnessy (ed.). New Sources of Early Chinese History. Society for the Study of Early China. pp.161–192. ISBN 978-1-55729-058-8.