Vygotsky, L. S. 1999. Tool and sign in the development of the child. In The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky, eds. Scientific Legacy, ed. R. W., and Rieber, vol. 6, 2–68. New York and London: Plenum Press. Whether or not you believe that statement is rathersubjective. The truth of the matter is that we are the product of our thoughts. Think, and you shall become. It’s part of the manifestation of our destiny. But not everyone holds to this credo. Not everyone believes in the fervent power of their thoughts. They brush it off while dwelling on the past or fearing the future, not quite understanding that the very things that they are thinking about, they are inchingcloser towards. Suzuki, T. N. 2021. Animal linguistics: exploring referentiality and compositionality in bird calls. Ecological Research 36: 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12200. Diaz, R. M., and L. E. Berk (eds.) 2016. Private Speech. From Social Interaction to Self-Regulation. London and New York: Routledge (first published 1992 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.). Kompa, N., and J. L. Mueller. 2020. How abstract (non-embodied) linguistic representations augment cognitive control. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg. 2020.01597.

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Stark, B. C., S. Geva, and E. A. Warburton. 2018. A Test Battery for Inner Speech Functions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy018. Yet which cases of inner speech may be cases of thinking, then? Those that play a decisive role in processes that we deem paradigmatic processes of thinking, and which are thus not merely acts of inner speech (e.g., cases of auditory imagery) but inner speech acts (Roessler 2016; Wilkinson 2020). Interestingly, we often seem to engage in inner speaking during deliberation, problem-solving or similar cognitively demanding tasks. And inner speech is not a mere by-product or a convenient expedient in these cases. Rather, it seems that the yielding of antecedent thought processes to linguistic formulation itself enables us to engage in certain forms of complex deliberative reasoning. Frankish ( 2018) considers the example of wondering whether or not to go to a party to which he has been invited. He silently asks himself a question (“Do I want to go to the party?”), hears his own utterance and then his language comprehension system comes up with an interpretation that is broadcast to parts of his cognitive system. Further (partly autonomous) processes predict that Henry will be at the party. He silently utters these words, which give rise to another question (“Do I want to meet Henry?”). Further (again, partly autonomous) reasoning reveals that Henry will probably want to talk about the budget cuts, which results in the decision (which may be a sort of self-commitment) that he’d rather avoid meeting Henry and will thus not go to the party (Frankish 2018, p. 234). You might feel like you have to continue doing the compulsion until your distress or doubt goes away and things feel right again. You might know that it doesn't make sense to carry out a compulsion. But you still feel unable to resist doing it.Gauker, C. 2011. Words and images: an essay on the origin of ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pure’ Thought – Do we Think in Language? Inner Speech and ‘Pure’ Thought – Do we Think in Language?

Engesser, S., A. R. Ridley, and S. Townsend. 2016. Meaningful call combinations and compositional processing in the southern pied babbler. Pnas 113 (21): 5976–5981. There is a conflict between what my mind wants and what my flesh wants. Here I have to ask myself a number of questions that should be straightforward to answer. For example: Why should my flesh and the sin that dwells there be the winner? Whom do I believe – God or my flesh? Is the power of sin stronger than the power of God? What does God’s Word say? In the sermon on the Mount, Jesus said, “Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God” (Matthew 5:8). Jesus was not referring to ceremonial cleanness (Matthew 15:18–20; 23:25) but to the cleanness of heart. For He said, “It’s not what goes into your body that defiles you; you are defiled by what comes from your heart” (Mark 7:15).

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The forming of Christian character necessitates correct thinking. Therefore, Paul outlined a good program of mental practice. The phrase “whatsoever things are true” refers to all that is morally and spiritually good that is compatible with God, who is “the truth” (John 14:6). This originates from understanding His holy nature which is honest, just, blameless, and above sin. Therefore: Entertaining a thought is either an instance of inner speaking or the thought entertained does not exhibit syntactic structure or invoke lexical concepts. Emerson, M. J., and A. Miyake. 2003. The role of inner speech in task switching: a dual-task investigation. Journal of Memory and Language 48 (1): 148–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00511-9.

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Onishi, K. H., and R. Baillargeon. 2005. Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science 308 (5719): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1107621. The right thoughts directed in the right direction can be powerful. But the wrong thoughts directed in the wrong direction can be fatal. Poor thoughts help to instill badhabits. And those bad habits can run rampant on our lives. There’s almost no way to accomplish and achieve great things in life when our bad habits consume us. Handle your bad habits before they handle you if you’re serious about reaching your goals. Step #8 — Avoid Negativity Like the Plague So what or who are you allowing to influence you in your life? Take a moment to ask the Holy Spirit to help you evaluate the following in your life: Barsalou, L. W. 1999. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Science 22: 577–660. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99002149.

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Bunge, S. A., and J. D. Wallis, eds. 2008. The neuroscience of rule-guided behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.