In vitro experiment shows that apigenin inhibited FMDV infection at the viral post-entry stage with no extracellular virucidal activity [ 123]. Streptococcus mutans is the main pathogen responsible for the development of dental caries in humans. Kent, “A systematic review of food composition tools used for determining dietary polyphenol intake in estimated intake studies,” Food Chemistry, vol.

The gastrointestinal tract plays a significant role in the metabolism and conjugation of apigenin before the entry of apigenin into the systemic circulation and the liver [ 57]. Without alterations to enhance apigenin’s stability and bioavailability, oral supplementation at the level required to feasibly reach dosages higher than dietary consumption might never be sufficient to reach the intended dose. Apigenin, 4′,5,7-trihydroxy-flavone (Figure 1), is one of the predominant monomeric flavonoids found in a daily diet [ 5]. Degradation of apigenin and its glycosides most likely involves multiple bacteria, with complementary and overlapping functionalities.Chamomile is also used in mouth rinse, skin care products, and vapor inhalant to reduce inflammation [ 9]. The relevance of pharmacokinetics of apigenin in this review is that it determines how much apigenin consumed orally is available to the human gut microbiota. When apigenin was applied with LysGH15, the lysin derived from phage GH15 with high efficiency and a broad lytic spectrum against MRSA, synergism was observed using a mouse S. caccae, the expression of stress response genes and protein chaperone genes were found to be up-regulated, which indicated the overall adverse effects of apigenin on the bacterium [ 34].

Recently, apigenin has received much attention because it has low intrinsic toxicity [ 4, 44] and it exerts differential effects on normal versus cancer cell growth, survival, or apoptosis in several different types of cells [ 9, 13, 52]. In this section, information is provided to show that oral bioavailability of apigenin is poor; it is either excreted unabsorbed in the urine or feces or rapidly metabolized after absorption [ 4]. Higher estimation of daily dietary intake of flavonoids is 1 g as glycosides or 650 mg as aglycones [ 24], while another study estimated an average of only 23 mg/day in adults in the Netherlands [ 12]. Plasma level of Apigenin-7- O- β-D-glucoside was measured over the course of 5 hours after drug administration. The reliability of the information collected from subjects, as well as the inclusiveness, extensiveness [ 21], and demographic specificity of the database can all impact the accuracy of intake levels obtained.Apigenin prevented the reverted mutations as a result of sodium azide exposure using histidine auxotroph S. Shibata C, Ohno M, Otsuka M, Kishikawa T, Goto K, Muroyama R, Kato N, Yoshikawa T, Takata A, Koike K The flavonoid apigenin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by decreasing mature microRNA122 levels. Rauko, “Study of antioxidant effect of apigenin, luteolin and quercetin by DNA protective method,” Neoplasma, vol. Giammanco, “ Citrus flavonoids: molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: a review,” Food Chemistry, vol.

C. Pinch, “Inhibition of ultraviolet light induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice by apigenin, a plant flavonoid,” Anticancer Reseach, vol.It is frequently extracted from the plant Matricaria recutita L (chamomile), a member of the Asteraceae (daisy) family. In the previously mentioned study with rats, after a single oral administration of radiolabeled apigenin, the elimination half-time was high with a value of 91. S E Nielsen, J F Young, B Daneshvar, S T Lauridsen, P Knuthsen, B Sandström, L O Dragsted Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) intake on urinary apigenin excretion, blood antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers for oxidative stress in human subjects Br J Nutr.

This review summarizes studies on antimicrobial effects of apigenin as well as what has been reported on apigenin and human gut microbiota. Other plants in which apigenin has been identified include red and white sorghum, rutabagas, oranges, kumquats, onions, wheat sprouts, tea, and cilantro [ 5, 9, 18]. During A, Larondelle Y The O-methylation of chrysin markedly improves its intestinal anti-inflammatory properties: Structure-activity relationships of flavones. Qian, “Biopharmaceutics classification and intestinal absorption study of apigenin,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. J. Gescher, “Tissue distribution in mice and metabolism in murine and human liver of apigenin and tricin, flavones with putative cancer chemopreventive properties,” Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol.After heated reflux in water for 30 min, maceration for 24 hours or microwave irradiation for 5 min under 500 W, 93-95% of apigenin was recovered for each condition [ 33]. Flavonoids that cannot be absorbed from the small intestine, as well as the absorbed flavonoids secreted with bile, will be degraded in the colon by the microbiota [ 66]. Although there are many publications reporting the findings on apigenin, there is no review that summarizes the findings. The effect of apigenin on commensal gut bacteria under anaerobic conditions is a new territory to explore.