a b Alexander Lanoszka; Michael A. Hunzeker (11 November 2018). "Why the First War lasted so long". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2018. The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013. Further information: Hindu–German Conspiracy, Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition, and Third Anglo-Afghan War British Indian Army infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the Mesopotamian campaign. Jager, Herbert (2001). German Artillery of World War One. Crowood Press. p.224. ISBN 978-1-86126-403-9. World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies. [321] [322] [323] [324]

ORIGINAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). "Saving Forty Thousand Armenians". Current History. New York Times Co. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 . Retrieved 9 September 2021. Hanioglu, M. Sukru (2010). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. pp.180–181. ISBN 978-0-691-13452-9. O'Halpin, Eunan, The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892–1920, (Dublin, 1987) Schneider, Barry R. (28 February 1999). Future War and Counterproliferation: US Military Responses to NBC. Praeger. p.84. ISBN 978-0-275-96278-4. The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in Bosnia and saw war as the best way of achieving this. [43] However, the Foreign Ministry had no solid proof of Serbian involvement and a dossier used to make its case was riddled with errors. [44] On 23 July, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Serbia, listing ten demands made intentionally unacceptable to provide an excuse for starting hostilities. [45] Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed in 1908.Austrian statesmen viewed the Balkans as essential for the continued existence of their Empire, and saw Serbian expansion as a direct threat. The 1908–1909 Bosnian Crisis began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878. Timed to coincide with the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence from the Ottoman Empire, this unilateral action was denounced by the European powers, but accepted as there was no consensus on how to resolve the situation. Some historians see this as a significant escalation, ending any chance of Austria co-operating with Russia in the Balkans while also damaging diplomatic relations between Serbia and Italy, both of whom had their own expansionist ambitions in the region. [22] Crowe, David (2001). The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis. Research and Education Association. ISBN 978-0-87891-710-5. Main articles: List of last surviving World War I veterans, World War I casualties, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, and American Battle Monuments Commission In March and April 1917, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. [183] [184] At the end of October, the Sinai and Palestine campaign resumed, when General Edmund Allenby's XXth Corps, XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba. [185] Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and, early in December, Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem. [186] [187] [188] About this time, Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by Djevad Pasha, and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine, Erich von Falkenhayn, was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders. [189] [190] Dates on war memorials" (PDF). War Memorials Trust. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021 . Retrieved 4 January 2021.

ORIGINALLY | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

a b c Hynes, Samuel Lynn (1991). A war imagined: the First World War and English culture. Atheneum. pp.i–xii. ISBN 978-0-689-12128-9. Australian War Memorial. "The ANZAC Day tradition". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2008. Kocsis, Károly; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998). Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences. p.19. ISBN 978-963-7395-84-0. Sheftall, Mark David (2010). Altered Memories of the Great War: Divergent Narratives of Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-883-9. In East Africa, Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland campaign. [330] Von Syburg, the German envoy in Addis Ababa, said, "now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size." The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow at the Battle of Segale due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy. [331] Iyasu was accused of converting to Islam. [332] According to Ethiopian historian Bahru Zewde, the evidence used to prove Iyasu's conversion was a doctored photo of Iyasu wearing a turban provided by the Allies. [333] Some historians claim the British spy T. E. Lawrence forged the Iyasu photo. [334] Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining 1 Lincolnshire Regiment in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after Guedecourt on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.See also: Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914 International Association of Genocide Scholars" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2013. Other opposition came from conscientious objectors—some socialist, some religious—who refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. [350] Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Hobhouse, refused both military and alternative service. [351] Many suffered years of prison, including solitary confinement and bread and water diets. Even after the war, in Britain many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need apply". [352] Hall, Richard (2010). Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918. Indiana University Press. p.11. ISBN 978-0-253-35452-5.

ORIGINALLY | Pronunciation in English - Cambridge Dictionary

Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as Yugoslavia, Weimar Germany, the Soviet Union, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Hejaz, and Yemen Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (2007). New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War. Exisle Publishing. pp.219–220. Chambers, John Whiteclay (1987). To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-905820-6. Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war. Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by using German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles. [395] World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore, it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. [396] [397] [398] American historian William Rubinstein wrote that: Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war. This aided the struggle for voting rights for women. [312] Poster showing women workers, 1915In the Balkans, Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader, Ante Trumbić, strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav Committee, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London. [327] In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including Czechoslovak, Italian, Polish, Transylvanian, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self-determination for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary. [328] Despite secretly agreeing to support the Triple Alliance in 1883, Romania increasingly found itself at odds with the Central Powers over their support for Bulgaria in the 1912 to 1913 Balkan Wars and the status of ethnic Romanian communities in Hungarian-controlled Transylvania, [144] which comprised an estimated 2.8 million of the 5.0 million population. [145] With the ruling elite split into pro-German and pro-Entente factions, Romania remained neutral in 1914, arguing like Italy that because Austria-Hungary had declared war on Serbia, it was under no obligation to join them. [146] They maintained this position for the next two years, while allowing Germany and Austria to transport military supplies and advisors across Romanian territory. [147]