Have the photos and videos been taken out of context? Or might they have been faked or Photoshopped? Are the experts’ credentials as impressive as they claim, and do they have proven knowledge in the relevant field? And do they cite surveys or reports created by a credible academic organisation? The peddlers of conspiracy theories often varnish their claims with a veneer of authority by using false experts and made-up institutions. Louis Tomlinson said fan conspiracies about him and Harry Styles put a strain on the pair's friendship. (Image credit: Mike Marsland/Getty Images) Like a mind-altering virus, conspiracy theories can sometimes become so deeply embedded in someone’s brain that they may struggle to see sense, even when they are presented with contradictory evidence. To abandon it would cause their whole world view to collapse – and so they double down on their beliefs. Fortunately, these people are in the minority – and the psychological research suggests that there are ways to reinforce our brain’s bullshit detection. Accessory Coverage: Any peripheral devices or accessories that come with your product (i.e. foot pedal, case) are also covered. The original Klon klone, The Archer was the first 100% part for part remake of the fabled Centaur and remains one of the best. The Ikon is a slight variant on the standard Archer, which has slightly more midrange compression and less presence for a smoother, less bright sound. Way Huge Conspiracy Theory

USED products: 4% of the current new selling price to increase the warranty from 3 months to 1 year. 4% for each additional year. In 1983, the panic exploded with the McMartin preschool trial, in which a California parent accused daycare owners of sexually abusing her son. Police then sent a letter to parents warning that their children may have been abused, urging the parents to ask what turned out to be leading questions to a bunch of suggestible preschoolers. Further questioning by authorities continued in this vein, yielding alleged eyewitness accounts by children of networks of secret tunnels and witches flying through the air. Some conspiracy theorists believe the ruling class want to enslave the masses and make them eat insects. (Image credit: egal/Getty Images) While the exact origins of this myth aren't clear, the theory could have evolved from may have come from a Facebook video containing altered and out-of-context interviews. A Reddit spokesperson told The Verge the rumor originated on 4plebs, a community-run archive of 4chan, before it sprung onto Reddit, became a popular theory and punchline.All of this is built, according to the theorists, on top of a six-story deep bunker where the elites will hunker down to ride out the end of the world. Or maybe it's a prison for dissenters. Of course, there's no evidence of anything beneath the airport besides maintenance tunnels, a baggage transport system, and harried travelers moving between terminals on an underground train. But that doesn't stop those who want to believe in something more nefarious beneath this airline hub. The Denver International Airport is a quirky place, known for its offbeat art: Gargoyles overlook the baggage claims, murals depict scenes of war and horror, and there's a 32-foot (9.75 meter) blue horse with red eyes presiding over the road leading in and out of the terminal. These questions are the gateway to a vast arena of conspiracy theories that have spawned endless speculation and hundreds of books, articles and films. It didn't help that Lee Harvey Oswald was murdered in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters while surrounded by police officers only two days after the assassination — and by a guy with ties to the Mob. The whole thing stunk, people figured.

There is one fact that almost all skeptics and believers agree on: Something crashed on a remote ranch outside of Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. The government at first claimed it was some sort of saucer, then retracted the statement and claimed it was really a weather balloon. Yet the best evidence suggests that it was neither a flying saucer nor a weather balloon, but instead a high-altitude, top-secret military balloon dubbed Project Mogul. The first step is self-awareness. Given that uncertainty primes a conspiracy mindset, you might try to look for proactive ways to cope with the stress of unsettling world events, rather than doomscrolling through social media, where you are more likely to find misinformation that feeds your anxiety. If you do come across alternative explanations for the crisis, watch out for overly simplistic stories that pin the blame on a convenient scapegoat, and try to scrutinise the logic of their claims and the basis of their evidence.On September 5, 1982, Johnny Gosch, 12, vanished without a trace from Des Moines, Iowa, while on his morning newspaper run. Without any evidence or leads, the case went cold and has remained unsolved, but there have been a number of conspiracy theories about what happened to him. Neil Heslin and Scarlett Lewis, the parents of 6-year-old Jesse Lewis, who was one of the 26 killed in the Newtown, Connecticut, massacre, sued Jones for defamation over his falsehoods about the mass shooting. To combat climate change, experts recommend eating less meat and more plants. In some circles, this advice for a warming planet has transformed into something more sinister: The "ruling class" wants everyone (else) to eat bugs. Don’t be ashamed if you have ever fallen for a conspiracy theory in the past: the scientific research consistently shows that we are all vulnerable to misinformation. Critical thinking involves learnable skills that improve through practice, so you can continue to build your bullshit detection kit throughout your life – whatever your initial starting point. The important point is to avoid making the same mistakes again. With these sharpened critical faculties, you will be well equipped to sidestep many intellectual potholes – including those that had led some to see the LHC as the road to hell. NEW products: 4% of the current new selling price to double the warranty from 1 year to 2 years. 4% for each additional year.

Let’s begin by confronting the myth that belief in conspiracy theories is simply a sign of low intelligence: surveys show that people with higher education are surprisingly susceptible to misinformation. (Even the chess grandmaster, Garry Kasparov, has apparently entertained the bizarre “new chronology” conspiracy, which claims that our accounts of Ancient Greece, Egypt and Rome have been fabricated to hide the true history of the world.) The truth is that many conspiracy theories are designed to play on our brain’s biases when we are feeling particularly vulnerable, and a stellar academic record provides little protection. After seven years, the daycare owners were eventually acquitted or had the charges dismissed. One was jailed for five years while awaiting trials and retrials. In the meantime, similar accusations spread through daycares around the country. Most were spurred on by now-discredited methods of questioning small children, methods that often led to children making sensational accusations because they wanted to please the authority figures questioning them. Brian Wampler is one of the best pedal builders in the industry, and his Tumnus brings the magic of the Klon with an affordable price tag and a pedalboard friendly miniature pedal. Or if you’re looking for ultimate tone shaping, the Tumnus Deluxe trades the traditional treble control for an independent 3 band EQ for limitless tonal possibilities. Ceriatone Centura Thing that bugs me is trying to find out if it has the internal voltage charge pump that boosted up to 18v internally. This would have opened the headroom even more, it is also absent the Klon buffer circuit and overall benefit that often gave pedal chains. One can have too many buffers of course but if you only have one, the Klon is a nice one. The panic grew out of the idea that memories of abuse were often repressed and could be recovered with the help of hypnosis and a therapist. This idea was popularized in the 1980 book "Michelle Remembers," co-written by a Canadian psychiatrist and the patient he eventually married (ethics red flag), in which the eponymous Michelle recovers memories of supposed ritual Satanic abuse conducted by her mother.

And hardcore believers are adept at rationalizing away evidence that contradicts their beliefs. Eyewitnesses who dispute the conclusions of even the biggest conspiracy theories are mistaken, according to believers — or part of the conspiracy. Please Note: None of these accusations are actually accurate. At least, that's just what THEY want you to think... Way Huge Smalls Conspiracy Theory Distortion Pedal Specs Karen Douglas is a Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Kent in the U.K.Her research focuses on the antecedents and consequences of belief in conspiracy theories. She has published widely on these topics and her research regularly features in the media. Karen is currently working on a European Research Council Advanced Grant to study the consequences of conspiracy theories for individuals, groups, and societies. So what’s special about the original Klon? This much lusted-after, gold-boxed, mid-gain overdrive pedal is the talk of every guitar forum and has collectors and tone aficionados arguing over the relative merits of the Klon. I’ve owned a few originals and they are very nice, but I’m not sure I’d drop USD 2000 on one. But I think the original circuit is very useful. When used with a good valve amp, the Klon pedal acts in such a way as to complement your guitar’s tone, but gives it a nice boost.