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Pandas gain world heritage status". BBC. 12 July 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020 . Retrieved 17 January 2020. Hammond, Paula (2010). The Atlas of Endangered Animals: Wildlife Under Threat Around the World. Marshall Cavendish. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7614-7872-0. The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan, and also in neighbouring Shaanxi and Gansu. [8] As a result of farming, deforestation, and other development, the giant panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived, and it is a conservation-reliant vulnerable species. [9] [10] A 2007 report showed 239 pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country. [11] By December 2014, 49 giant pandas lived in captivity outside China, living in 18 zoos in 13 countries. [12] Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild, [11] while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000. [13] Some reports also show that the number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise. [14] By March 2015, the wild giant panda population had increased to 1,864 individuals. [15] In 2016, it was reclassified on the IUCN Red List from "endangered" to "vulnerable", [1] affirming decade-long efforts to save the panda. In July 2021, Chinese authorities also reclassified the giant panda as vulnerable. [16]Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1939). "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century". T'oung Pao. Second Series. 34 (5): 402. JSTOR 4527170. a b c d Earth's Changing Environment. Learn & Explore. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-61535-339-2. a b Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S. & Hofreiter, M. (2008). "Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (220): 220. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-220. PMC 2518930. PMID 18662376. a b "Panda behavior & habitat". World Wildlife Federation China. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2008.

Panda Facts". Pandas International. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015. a b c d White, A.M.; Swaisgood, R.R.; Zhang, H. (2004). "Urinary chemosignals in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Seasonal and developmental effects on signal discrimination". Journal of Zoology. 264 (3): 231–238. doi: 10.1017/S095283690400562X. Scheff, D. (2002). Giant Pandas. Animals of the rain forest (illustrateded.). Heinemann-Raintree Library. p.8. ISBN 0-7398-5529-8. Li, Renqiang; Xu, Ming; Wong, Michelle Hang Gi (February 2015). "Climate change threatens giant panda protection in the 21st century". Biological Conservation. 182: 93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.037. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019 . Retrieved 10 July 2019.It has been estimated that an adult panda absorbs 54.8–66.1mg (0.846–1.020gr) of cyanide a day through its diet. To prevent poisoning, they have evolved anti-toxic mechanisms to protect themselves. About 80% of the cyanide is metabolized to less toxic thiocyanate and discharged in urine, while the remaining 20% is detoxified by other minor pathways. [66] Giant panda in China bites third victim". CNN News. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2009. Giant Panda Reproduction" (PDF). National Zoological Park. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008. Schaller, G.B., Jinchu, H., Wenshi, P., and Jing, Z. (1985). The giant pandas of Wolong. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and round face, are adaptations to its bamboo diet. Anthropologist Russell Ciochon observed: "[much] like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda] is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allows the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as bamboo." [65] Similarly, the giant panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. [65] Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material.

Nokelainen, Ossi; Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E.; Nie, Yonggang; Wei, Fuwen; Caro, Tim (2021). "The giant panda is cryptic". Scientific Reports. 11 (21287): 21287. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..1121287N. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00742-4. PMC 8553760. PMID 34711890.Shancen Zhao; Pingping Zheng; Shanshan Dong; Xiangjiang Zhan; Qi Wu (16 December 2012). "Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation". Nature Genetics. 45 (1): 67–71. doi: 10.1038/ng.2494. PMID 23242367. S2CID 1261505. a b Dierenfeld, E. S.; Hintz, H. F.; Robertson, J. B.; Van Soest, P. J.; Oftedal, O. T. (1982). "Utilization of bamboo by the giant panda". Journal of Nutrition. 112 (4): 636–641. doi: 10.1093/jn/112.4.636. PMID 6279804.