MacDougal, Douglas W. (December 16, 2012). Newton's Gravity: An Introductory Guide to the Mechanics of the Universe. Springer New York. p.199. ISBN 978-1-4614-5444-1. A sparsely populated group of small moons with highly inclined prograde orbits around 16,000,000–17,000,000km from Jupiter. [7] Kyrala, A. (1982). "An explanation of the persistence of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter". Moon and the Planets. 26 (1): 105–107. Bibcode: 1982M&P....26..105K. doi: 10.1007/BF00941374. S2CID 121637752. Naming of Astronomical Objects". International Astronomical Union. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013 . Retrieved March 23, 2022. Jupiter's rotation is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an equatorial bulge easily seen through an amateur telescope. Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes differential rotation. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere. [133] The planet is an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles. [84] On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is 9,276km (5,764mi) longer than the polar diameter. [2]

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Quinn, T.; Tremaine, S.; Duncan, M. Planetary perturbations and the origins of short-period comets.„Astrophysical Journal, Part 1”.355,s.667–679,1990. DOI: 10.1086/168800. Bibcode: 1990ApJ...355..667Q. ( ang.). During the 1660s, Giovanni Cassini used a new telescope to discover spots in Jupiter's atmosphere, observe that the planet appeared oblate, and estimate its rotation period. [152] In 1692, Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes a differential rotation. [153] Ingersoll, A. P.; Hammel, H. B.; Spilker, T. R.; Young, R. E. (June 1, 2005). "Outer Planets: The Ice Giants" (PDF). Lunar & Planetary Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2007. Nachylenie osi obrotu Jowisza jest stosunkowo niewielkie – tylko 3,13° [1]. W wyniku tego na planecie nie zachodzą wyraźne zmiany pór roku, w przeciwieństwie na przykład do Ziemi i Marsa [56]. JanParandowski: Mitologia Wierzenia i podania Greków i Rzymian.Londyn:Plus,1992,s.285–286. ISBN 0-907587-85-2.Horner, J.; Jones, B.W. Jupiter – friend or foe? I: the asteroids.„International Journal of Astrobiology”.7(3–4),s.251–261,2008. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550408004187. arXiv: 0806.2795. ( ang.). a b Lang, Kenneth R. (2003). "Jupiter: a giant primitive planet". NASA. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved January 10, 2007. Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus. American Philosophical Society. pp.62–63. ISBN 978-0-87169-233-7. It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ P.Oxy. ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name.

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