The onion plant ( Allium cepa), also known as the bulb onion [6] or common onion, [3] :9–10 is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. [7] [8] It was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum. [9] A number of synonyms have appeared in its taxonomic history: Regal headpiece worn by Süleyman the Magnificent Portrait of Sultan Süleyman wearing the Venetian Helmet This group contains shallots and potato onions, also referred to as multiplier onions. The bulbs are smaller than those of common onions, and a single plant forms an aggregate cluster of several bulbs from a master. They are propagated almost exclusively from daughter bulbs, although reproduction from seed is possible. Shallots are the most important subgroup within this group and comprise the only cultivars cultivated commercially. They form aggregate clusters of small, narrowly ovoid to pear-shaped bulbs. Potato onions differ from shallots in forming larger bulbs with fewer bulbs per cluster, and having a flattened (onion-like) shape. Intermediate forms exist. [3] :20–21 Hidden Answers (last working) link: http://answerszuvs3gg2l64e6hmnryudl5zgrmwm3vh65hzszdghblddvfiqd.onion/ 8. Daniel

Freshly cut onions often cause a stinging sensation in the eyes of people nearby, and often uncontrollable tears. This is caused by the release of a volatile liquid, syn-propanethial-S-oxide and its aerosol, which stimulates nerves in the eye. [7] This gas is produced by a chain of reactions which serve as a defence mechanism: chopping an onion causes damage to cells which releases enzymes called alliinases. These break down amino acid sulfoxides and generate sulfenic acids. A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid, is rapidly acted on by a second enzyme, the lacrimatory factor synthase (LFS), producing the syn-propanethial-S-oxide. [7] This gas diffuses through the air and soon reaches the eyes, where it activates sensory neurons. Lacrimal glands produce tears to dilute and flush out the irritant. [39] Onion skins can be boiled to make an orange-brown dye. [34] Composition Nutrients Raw onion bulbs Nutritional value per 100g (3.5oz)Friesen, N. & M. Klaas (1998). "Origin of some vegetatively propagated Allium crops studied with RAPD and GISH". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 45 (6): 511–523. doi: 10.1023/A:1008647700251. S2CID 26205471.

White onions are mild in flavour; they have a golden colour when cooked and a particularly sweet flavour when sautéed. [23] [18]The tree onion or Egyptian onion produces bulblets in the umbel instead of flowers, and is now known to be a hybrid of A. cepa and A. fistulosum. It has previously been treated as a variety of A. cepa, for example A. cepa var. proliferum, A. cepa var. bulbiferum, and A. cepa var. viviparum. [71] [3] :19 It has been grown for centuries in Japan and China for use as a salad onion. [72] [3] :9–10

a b c d e f g h i j Fritsch, Reinhard M.; Friesen, Nikolai (2002). "Chapter 1: Evolution, Domestication, and Taxonomy". In Rabinowitch, Haim D.; Currah, Lesley (eds.). Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. doi: 10.1079/9780851995106.0005. ISBN 0-85199-510-1. OCLC 228168061. S2CID 189956991.Tewari, Gyanendra M.; Bandyopadhyay, Chiranjib. (1 July 1975). "Quantitative evaluation of lachrymatory factor in onion by thin-layer chromatography". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 23 (4): 645–647. doi: 10.1021/jf60200a044. ISSN 0021-8561. Brewster, James L. (1994). Onions and other vegetable Alliums (1sted.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p.15. ISBN 978-0-85198-753-8. After the 16th century, the helmet was long known only from the closely similar prints by Agostino Veneziano and others (it is not entirely clear which of these first created the image). These appear to combine the features of Süleyman lifted from other portraits available in Venice, while the helmet itself was recorded when it was exhibited in Venice, before it reached the sultan. The helmet was widely thought to be a fanciful invention of the printmakers, until 20th-century scholars rediscovered the records of the real object. [2] Design and iconography [ edit ] Portrait of Sultan Süleyman wearing the Venetian Helmet A heraldic version of Suleiman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet. No marshmallows, logs, tents or mulled wine here – just a virtual, IRC-based, gathering place where you can chat with anyone in the world. All you need to do is select a room, say “hi!” and enjoy yourself. Higashihara, Hisayo; Yokoi, Norihiko; Aoyagi, Morihiro; Tsuge, Nobuaki; Imai, Shinsuke; Kinoshita, Shigeru (2010). "Using synthesized onion lachrymatory factor to measure age-related decreases in reflex-tear secretion and ocular-surface sensation". Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 54 (3): 215–220. doi: 10.1007/s10384-009-0786-0. PMID 20577855. S2CID 23549173.

a b c d Cumo, CE (2015). Onion. In: Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present. ABC-CLIO LLC (American Bibliographic Center, CLIO Press). pp.248–50. ISBN 9781440835377. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021 . Retrieved 30 June 2020. Spring onions or salad onions may be grown from the Welsh onion ( A. fistulosum), as well as from A. cepa. Young plants of A. fistulosum and A. cepa look very similar, but may be distinguished by their leaves, which are circular in cross-section in A. fistulosum rather than flattened on one side. [74] See also The CIA (last working) link: http://ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad.onion/ 20. Google Feud

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Eady, Colin C.; Kamoi, Takahiro; Kato, Masahiro; Porter, Noel G.; Davis, Sheree; Shaw, Martin; Kamoi, Akiko; Imai, Shinsuke (1 August 2008). "Silencing Onion Lachrymatory Factor Synthase Causes a Significant Change in the Sulfur Secondary Metabolite Profile". Plant Physiology. 147 (4): 2096–2106. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.123273. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 2492635. PMID 18583530. Onions are commonly chopped and used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes, and may also be used as a main ingredient in their own right, for example in French onion soup, creamed onions, and onion chutney. They are versatile and can be baked, boiled, braised, grilled, fried, roasted, sautéed, or eaten raw in salads. [27] Their layered nature makes them easy to hollow out once cooked, facilitating stuffing them, as in Turkish sogan-dolma. An onion ( Allium cepa L., from Latin cepa meaning "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. The shallot is a botanical variety of the onion which was classified as a separate species until 2011. [2] [3] :21 Its close relatives include garlic, scallion, leek, and chive. [4] A method for efficiently differentiating LFS− and LFS+ onions has been developed based on mass spectrometry, with potential application in high-volume production; [44] gas chromatography is also used to measure lachrymatory factor in onions. [45] [46] In early 2018, Bayer released the first crop yield of commercially available LFS-silenced onions under the name "Sunions." [47] They were the product of 30 years of cross-breeding; genetic modification was not employed. [47] [48] Onions may be grown from seeds or from partially grown bulbs called "sets" or starter bulbs. Because onion seeds are short-lived, fresh seeds germinate more effectively when sown in shallow rows, or "drills," with each drill 12" to 18" apart. [57] [59] In suitable climates, certain cultivars can be sown in late summer and autumn to overwinter in the ground and produce early crops the following year. [14]