Joined in 2023 
82 
63 About this deal
One of the quintessential steps to manage HTN is lifestyle modifications like exercise, weight loss, dietary interventions, a low-sodium diet, limiting alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and stress management to help control BP. The treatment of HTN is based on specific characteristics like stage of disease, compliance, and comorbid conditions. For proper management of HTN, we may need to include pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions [ 5]. Despite advancements in medicine and treatment options, the global burden of HTN has been increasing due to the advancing age of the population and an increasing prevalence of obesity. HTN is an insidious disease that, if not treated promptly, predisposes us to cardiovascular complications and various other complications [ 6]. Increased physical activity, limiting salt intake, minimizing alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and stress management together support the management of patients with HTN and as preventive measures in the general population [ 7]. However, it is important to note that lifestyle modification is a process that requires patients to adhere continuously [ 5].
A simplified X-ray film method was adopted to look into the Hg reduction by bacterial volatilization in the presence of 50 and 100 mg/L of Hg as HgCl 2 ( Nakamura and Nakahara, 1988; Joshi etal., 2021). Briefly, the bacterial cells were collected by centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. and washed with 0.07 M phosphate buffer (0.5 mM EDTA, 0.2 mM magnesium acetate, 5 mM sodium thioglycolate; pH 7.0) and transferred to the microplate. The cells were suspended into 50 µL of 0.07 M phosphate buffer containing 50 and 100 mg/L of Hg as HgCl 2 in a microplate. The phosphate buffers (pH 7.0) with 50 and 100 mg/L of HgCl 2 (without bacterial cells) were used as a negative control. The plate was covered with X-ray film and incubated in the dark for 2 h at 35°C. Determination of Hg(II) depletion potential by isolates Our preliminary study suggests that the detoxification of Hg 2+ is the immediate result of the GST and merA function as shown in Figure S6. The existence of the glutathione reductase gene in some bacterial mer operons also supports the role of LMW thiols in Hg 2+ detoxification ( Norambuena etal., 2018). The E. coli, together with the integrated merA - GST gene, was able to survive in the high Hg stress environment and transform Hg 2+ to Hg 0 ( Cursino etal., 2000). It is correlated that IOTG may act as Hg(II)-buffering agents and subsequently, Hg 2+ is reduced by merA. In the case of merA, mercuric ion was uptaken by the active process i.e. mer mediated transport (merP and merT) and converted to Hg 0 form by mercuric reductase. On the other hand, the Hg 2+ that was uptaken through the passive process could subsequently be inactivated by GST or conjugated to merA. Thus, an alternative method is proposed via which Hg resistance level may be augmented in bacteria: the sequestering of Hg given a protein-ligand interaction may lead to an improved way for the volatilization process. Conclusions The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material. Author contributions The health effects of alcohol intake are variable and are based on the amount of intake (low, moderate, or heavy) and intake pattern (acute, chronic, or binge) [ 45- 47]. In the US, the amount of pure alcohol in one standard drink is 14 g, which can be found in 12 oz of regular beer (about 5% alcohol), 5 oz of wine (about 12% alcohol), and 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (about 40% alcohol) [ 48]. Moderate alcohol intake recommendations according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the consumption of two standard drinks per day for men and one standard drink per day for women [ 49]. Moderate alcoholic intake has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease [ 49].
Introduction
GJ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-original draft, Writing-review & editing. PV: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing-review & editing. BM: Investigation. PG: Formal analysis. DMP: Investigation. DKJ: Writing-review & editing. NVV: Supervision, Project administration, Writing-review & editing. GD: Supervision, Project administration, Writing-review & editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding Enter [email protected] as the Account name and then enter or paste the manual entry code in from above as the 'Secret key'. In context to these four isolates, the shift in wavenumbers, changes in peak height, and the appearance/disappearance of new peaks in the presence of Hg 2+; suggest alterations in functional groups (especially -SH group), which might play an important role in the Hg detoxification. SEM analysis of Hg treated and untreated isolates In our recent study ( Joshi etal., 2021), we isolated and characterized several MRBs from the deeper depth of the Central Indian Ocean and evaluated their ability to remove Hg from the culture media. However, no bacterial strain was observed from the surface seawater samples that were resistant to Hg up to 100 mg/L. Though various bacterial strains have been isolated from the coastal and oceanic region, so far. MRB from the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean (ERIO) is not studied. It is hypothesized that the marine bacteria from ERIO could be a potential resource for the reduction of Hg 2+ as ERIO is highly dynamic in nature due to high current and intense climatological precipitation ( Annamalai, 2010).
Spray the HG car dashboard cleaner thinly and evenly onto the surface to be treated. Keep the can upright and approximately 20cm away from the dashboard. Weight loss is one of the most important non-pharmacological interventions to lower BP. Numerous interrelated pathophysiologic mechanisms stimulate higher BP in obesity [ 12]. In overweight/obese individuals, accelerated vascular aging can lead to HTN due to inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance [ 13]. Obese individuals also experience increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system [ 14]. The combined effect results in increased sodium resorption by the kidney, impaired vasodilation, volume expansion, and decreased natriuresis, thus leading to elevated BP [ 15]. Ozemek et al. trials have shown that weight loss helped lower systolic BP in hypertensive individuals by 5 mm Hg and in normotensive individuals by 2 to 3 mm Hg. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese. In overweight or obese individuals, achieving their ideal body weight is best, but it is good to aim for at least a 1 kg reduction in body weight. The study by Ozemek et al. also revealed that for every 1 kg reduction in body weight, we can expect about a 1 mm Hg reduction in blood pressure. The GC-MS study was included to get insight into the metabolic changes in the MRB isolates under Hg stress. It revealed that the metabolic profiles of MRB isolates are diverse with different biological properties. GC-MS metabolic profiles revealed that the number of compounds increased in the presence of Hg compared to the control isolates, where some compounds were found to be different in Hg-treated samples. A total of 50 metabolites were identified in the absence of Hg, whereas with 50 mg/L of Hg, 64 compounds were identified. The minimum metabolites (6) were identified in NIOT-EQR_J258 without Hg, whereas the maximum metabolites (22) was identified in NIOT-EQR_J251 with Hg 2+. The NIOT-EQR_J7 metabolic profile was almost the same in both control and Hg-treated samples. A total of 14 metabolites were present in the control sample, whereas 15 metabolites were identified with Hg. In the case of NIOT-EQR_J248, NIOT-EQR_J251, and NIOT-EQR_J258, a total of 10, 20, and 6 compounds were identified in the control sample, whereas 16, 22, and 11 metabolites were present with Hg, correspondingly. Increased physical activity has been advocated as the first-line intervention for preventing and treating patients with prehypertension and as a treatment strategy for patients with stage 1 or stage 2 HTN, according to the Duthe American College of Sports Medicine, the United States Joint Nations Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BP, the World Health Organization and International Society of Hypertension, and The National Heart Foundation [ 36]. Exercise can consequently help prevent prehypertension from progressing and can help reduce or stop medications prescribed for the treatment of stage 1 HTN [ 37].Briasoulis et al., in their meta-analysis of 16 prospective long-term studies, revealed that alcohol consumption of more than 20 g per day increases the risk of HTN significantly in women, whereas consumption of 31 to 40 g in men significantly increases the risk of HTN [ 54]. Nevertheless, a higher risk of HTN was observed in all individuals who consumed more than 20 g of alcohol per day, irrespective of their gender [ 54]. Ozemek et al. revealed in their study that, in persons who consume alcohol, a reduction to two standard drinks or less daily in men and one drink or less daily in women has been shown to reduce SBP by 4 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by 3 mm Hg in normotensive individuals [ 11]. To inspect the consequence of Hg 2+ concentration on the morphology, the bacterial cells were freshly grown in the presence (50 and 100 mg/L - test samples) and absence (control) of Hg 2+ as HgCl 2; and cell pellets were harvested by centrifugation (5000 rpm at 4°C for 5 min) after 48 h. SEM analysis has been carried out, as reported by Joshi etal. (2021). In brief, the bacterial cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde followed by the post-fixing in 1% osmium tetroxide and dehydration of the cells with graded ethanol series (25%, 50%, 80%, 90%, and absolute). The processed samples were scanned using SEM (JEOL-JSM-IT500). Extraction of metabolites and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis Hg volatilization by bacteria involves the reduction of Hg 2+ via the mer system to Hg 0, which is less toxic. It is appealing from the essential and practical viewpoints that halophilic bacteria can also grow in the presence of a higher amount of Hg and volatilized Hg efficiently similar to the non-halophilic bacteria. The ICP-MS analysis did not detect significant Hg loss in the control sample (without bacteria), which confirms the volatility of Hg being biotic ( Table S2). Thus, our results suggested that halophilic bacteria can also remove the Hg from the growth media, indicating that it may be potentially applied in contaminated environments. The Hg comes into the ocean either through atmospheric deposition or other several natural and active or passive processes. The results of this study imply that the two marine strains of Halomonas sp., isolated from ERIO may have the ability to remove Hg 2+ from the growth medium. Identification of functional groups changed during Hg(II) reduction According to the American College of Cardiology, a BP higher than 180/120 mm Hg is considered a hypertensive emergency or crisis. Patients with these blood pressures need emergency medical help. Untreated high BP may increase the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other serious complications. Monitoring BP every two years, starting at age 18, is important to diagnose and treat hypertension timely to prevent complications. HTN is diagnosed by performing repeated careful measurements of blood pressure. Blood pressure is categorized as follows: Normal blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 120, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 80. An elevated BP is an SBP of 120 to 129 and a DBP of less than 80. HTN is defined as a systolic pressure more than or equal to 130 or a diastolic pressure more than or equal to 80. Mercury (Hg) pollution poses a global threat to human and environmental health due to its noxiousness, mobility, and lengthy residence duration in the atmosphere ( Raphael etal., 2011). Toxic metals rapidly accumulate in the food chain, impacting higher trophic levels, hence these are of principal concern nowadays ( Raphael etal., 2011). According to recent research, oceanic release and biomass burning (organic compounds) account for the majority of worldwide Hg emissions, with anthropogenic activities accounting for the remaining significant percentage ( Pirrone etal., 2010; Nelson etal., 2012; Serrano etal., 2013). Hg exists in elemental, inorganic, and organic forms in both land and water systems, depending on oxidation-reduction conditions. In the atmosphere, Hg with valence +2 is more extensively spread ( Wang etal., 2004). In the biogeochemical cycle, a considerable part of Hg accumulates in seas and oceans by its atmospheric deposition ( Bindler, 2003; Wang etal., 2004). The effects of human-induced sources on the Hg contents and its forms are extensively larger in the photic layers of oceans ( Strode etal., 2007).
Three experimental replicates were determined for each analysis and the statistical significance of the results was analyzed by one way ANOVA test. All Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (version 17) and GraphPad Prism 7 software. Differences were considered significant at p< 0.05 and values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results and discussion Gajendra Joshi 1* Pankaj Verma 2 Balakrishnan Meena 1 Prasun Goswami 1† D Magesh Peter 2 Dilip Kumar Jha 2 Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar 1 Gopal Dharani 2 Patients can find it increasingly difficult to maintain long-term dietary changes like low caloric intake, low salt intake, and limiting processed foods, which in turn may lead to a shift towards preintervention practices in some individuals, for example, increased calorie intake [ 28]. This implies the need for interventions to focus on ways to help patients maintain healthy dietary patterns [ 28]. Genus Halomonas is reported from most of the saline environments regardless of their geographical location, including the marine environment, salterns, saline lakes, and soil ( Llamas etal., 2006). The MRB isolated from the coastal areas of Kuwait were identified as Alcanivorax borkumensis, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, and Halomonas taeheungii ( Sorkhoh etal., 2010). The 16S rDNA analysis and phenotypic characteristics revealed that the heavy metal-resistant halophilic bacteria WQL9 belong to the genus Halomonas sp ( Abdel-Razik etal., 2020). The Marinobacter genus is comprised of widespread marine bacteria found exceptionally in marine or terrestrial environments rich in sodium salts, in the deep sea, coastal seawater, sediment, oceanic basalt, etc. ( Handley and Lloyd, 2013). Alcanivorax xenomutans are also rich in the saline environment as they are halophilic and favorable to living in the marine environment. A comparative analysis of the partial sequence of the 16S rDNA of the four strains revealed a high level of similarity to the corresponding sequence of environmental isolates. Detection of mercury reductase gene The Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) has also helped lower BP. As per the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study conducted in the United States in 2020 by a group of researchers who followed 851 US older adults, for every one unit increase in the Med Diet score in participants, it was found that there was a corresponding reduction of 0.69 units in SBP, a reduction of 0.33 in DBP, and a reduction of 0.45 on mean arterial pressure (MAP) [ 32]. Although this seems to be small, this change can have a noteworthy effect at the level of the population; that is, a decrease of 2 mm Hg in SBP can lead to a decrease of 10% when it comes to the population [ 32]. According to the observational studies conducted in Mediterranean countries, higher adherence to a Med Diet is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, overall mortality as well as neoplastic disease [ 33, 34]. The Med Diet consists of higher consumption of extra virgin olive oil, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, cereals, as well as seeds; moderate consumption of fish, poultry, red wine, and dairy; and lower consumption of processed foods and red meat [ 35].The following four randomized controlled trials have been conducted to show that exercise helped lower both systolic and diastolic BP in participants: In the meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials conducted by Fagard et al., 72 trials have been conducted with an average of 40 participants per trial, which involved a 16-week study of 40 minutes of exercise sessions three times/week with an average intensity of 65% of heart rate [ 39]. This study showed a decrease in SBP of 6.9 mm Hg and a lowering of DBP of 4.9 mm Hg [ 39]. In 27 randomized controlled trials by Lee et al. with 1842 participants, the exercise regimen involved walking for 26.5 min/day for 4.4 days/week for a mean of 19 weeks [ 40]. This study shows that there is a larger effect with more intense and frequent exercise regimens for a longer duration [ 40]. There was a mean decrease in SBP of 5.2 to 11 mm Hg and in DBP of 3.8 to 7.7 mm Hg [ 40]. In the meta-analysis of randomized control trials performed by Cornelissen et al., 15 trials with 633 participants involving the exercise of 30-60 min, two to five times/week, at 50% to 75% HR reserve for six to 52 weeks showed a daytime decrease in SBP of 3.2 mm Hg and in DBP of 2.7 mm Hg [ 41]. However, no blood pressure reduction was seen at night [ 42]. The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials performed by Cornelissen and Smart included 105 trials with 3957 participants [ 42]. This study concluded that moderate aerobic exercise involving walking and jogging for 30 to 60 min/session three to five times/week for four to 52 weeks showed a reduction in SBP of 3.5 mm Hg and in DBP of 2.5 mm Hg [ 42]. Assorted studies have shown that IF lowers BP. Harvie et al., in their study involving 107 overweight or obese premenopausal women, showed that IF for six months helped lower SBP (p= 0.99) and DBP (p= 0.84) [ 22]. Varady et al., in their study performed for 12 weeks with IF involving 15 overweight individuals (five males, 10 females with a BMI of 20-29.9 kg/m 2 showed that IF helped lower BP with a p-value of 0.51 [ 23]. A study by Bhutani et al. involving 83 obese individuals (three males and 80 females) with a BMI of 30-39.9 kg/m 2revealed that 12 weeks of IF helped lower SBP (p = 0.254) and DBP (p = 0.570) [ 24]. In a study by Eshghinia et al., 15 overweight or obese women with a BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 who followed IF for eight weeks showed a lowering of SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 25]. Teng et al., in their 12 weeks IF study with 28 Malay men with a BMI of 23-29.9 kg/m 2,showed a lowering in SBP (p<0.05) and DBP (p<0.05) [ 26]. Erdem et al., in their study involving 60 participants from the Cappadocia cohort with pre-HTN and HTN with SBP of 120-139 and more than or equal to 140 mm Hg, DBP of 80-80 and more than or equal to 90 mm Hg, revealed that IF helps lower SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.039) [ 27].
Great Deal 
New Comment