Thyrohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid receive supply from branches of the superior thyroid and lingual arteries 5. History and etymology

The longus colli, also called the longus cervicis, is a long muscle that spans the entire length of the cervical spine and the upper vertebrae of the thoracic spine. It is divided into three parts: Muscular dystrophy is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion. Muscular dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle fibres (muscle cells) and tissue. a cross-striation which bisects the I band, marking the beginning and end of one sarcomere; serves as an anchoring point actin filamentsThe trapezius muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve (CN XI). Its blood supply stems from branches of the occipital, superficial cervical, transverse cervical and dorsal scapular arteries. growth in the girth of muscle fibers is thought to take place through ‘splitting’ of existing myofibrils as a result of stress placed on sarcomeres during physical activity, thereby increasing the mass of the muscle as whole. Rectus capitis posterior minor, that arises from the posterior tubercle of atlas and inserts into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line. Striations in cardiac muscle are not as defined as those seen in skeletal muscle as they are slightly obscured by relatively large amounts of mitochondria and other organelles present in the cell (reflecting the higher metabolic demands of this tissue compared with skeletal muscle). Cardiomyocytes are connected at their ends by specialized junctional complexes known as intercalated discs; these serve to functionally couple all cardiomyocytes, thus allowing rapid propagation of signals for contraction across the heart muscle tissue. In light microscopy, they are identified as dark staining, irregularly arranged short lines which cross the cardiac muscle tissue, perpendicular to the fiber direction.

The infrahyoid muscles are four muscles located inferior to the hyoid bone, that connect it to the larynx, sternum and scapula. These include the sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles. When the vertebral column is fixed, the muscle produces elevation of the 1st rib, which combined with the action of the external intercostals expands the antero-posterior diameter of the thoracic cage. This action is important during forced respiration. The function of the anterior scalene muscle depends on its point of action and whether the muscle acts alone or together with its contralateral counterpart. It’s also worth noting there are several other contractile cells which resemble smooth muscle cells (either morphologically and/or functionally) however are not classed as such. Examples include: The posterior scalene is the smallest and most posterior of the scalene muscles that arises from the posterior tubercles of transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C4-C6. It then extends posterolaterally and inserts into the external surface of the second rib.The superior part arises from the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C5 and inserts into the anterior tubercle of vertebra C1. The muscle is innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3, and vascularized by the ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending cervical branch of the inferior thyroid artery and the muscular branches of the vertebral artery. The semispinalis capitis is innervated by the descending branches of the greater occipital nerve (C2) and spinal nerve C3, while the semispinalis cervicis and multifidus cervicis are innervated by the medial branches of posterior rami of spinal nerves. These muscles receive their blood supply via branches of the vertebral, deep cervical and occipital arteries. A large group of muscles in the cervical area, responsible for the movement of the head in all directions Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster.

The anterior scalene muscle is innervated by the anterior rami of the spinal nerves C4-C6, and vascularized by the ascending cervical branch of inferior thyroid artery. The suprahyoid muscles, as the name suggests, are found superior to the hyoid bone, and include the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and stylohyoid. Fascicles or bundles (group of muscle fibres) of skeletal muscles can be arranged into four basic structural pattern, circular, parallel, convergent, and pennate. This difference in fascicular arrangement also accounts for the different shapes and functional capabilities of various skeletal muscles. Due to their small size, the function of these muscles is to only assists in lateral flexion of the head and to stabilize the cervical spine during movement. Circular muscles (also known as skeletal sphincter muscles) have a fascicular pattern where the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings. Muscles with this arrangement surround external body openings, which they close by contracting. Muscles with this fascicular arrangement may be termed as orbicular muscles (Latin: orbiculus = small disc), such as the orbicularis oculi (which covers the eye) and orbicularis oris (which surrounds the mouth).The posterior belly arises from the medial surface of mastoid notch, a deep groove found on the mastoid process of temporal bone. Multifidus cervicis, that arises from the articular processes of vertebrae C4-C7 and inserts onto the spinous processes of vertebrae 2-5 levels above the origin.