Shropshire County Council (2002). "J. R. R. Tolkien". Literary Heritage, West Midlands. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Butts, Dennis (2004). "Shaping boyhood: British Empire builders and adventurers". In Hunt, Peter (ed.). International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. Vol.1 (Seconded.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp.340–351. ISBN 0-203-32566-4. By the 1840s, of course, adults were already reading tales of adventure involving Red Indians Flood, Alison (9 October 2012). "New JRR Tolkien epic due out next year". guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. J. R. R. Tolkien besichtigt das Oberwallis". Valais Wallis Digital (in German). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. citing Carpenter & Tolkien 1981, Letters #306. His guardian, Father Morgan, considered it "altogether unfortunate" [T 4] that his surrogate son was romantically involved with an older, Protestant woman; Tolkien wrote that the combined tensions contributed to his having "muffed [his] exams". [T 4] Morgan prohibited him from meeting, talking to, or even corresponding with Edith until he was 21. Tolkien obeyed this prohibition to the letter, [35] with one notable early exception, over which Father Morgan threatened to cut short his university career if he did not stop. [36]

Tolkien, Christopher, ed. (1988). The Return of the Shadow: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part One. The History of Middle-earth. Vol.6. ISBN 0-04-440162-0. Morgoth’s Ring. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. The History of Middle-earth: Vol. 10. HarperCollins, London, 1993.

Biography of Pamela Chandler

Tolkien, J. R. R. (1979). Tolkien, Christopher (ed.). Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-741003-1. OCLC 5978089. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1975. Tolkien’s translations of these Middle English poems collected together. The fashionable location of her Beauchamp Place studio made her ideally placed for a growing trade in pet photography, positioned as it was a short distance from The Dogs Bath Club in Beauchamp Place. She photographed the dogs of royalty, nobility and the famous, freshly pampered and coiffured from their visits to the Bath Club. Artamonova, Maria (15 April 2014). " 'Minor' Works". In Lee, Stuart D. (ed.). A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. Wiley. Chapter 13. doi: 10.1002/9781118517468. ISBN 978-0-470-65982-3. S2CID 160570361. Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and philology. He specialized in English philology at university and in 1915 graduated with Old Norse as his special subject. He worked on the Oxford English Dictionary from 1918 and is credited with having worked on a number of words starting with the letter W, including walrus, over which he struggled mightily. [156] [157] In 1920, he became Reader in English Language at the University of Leeds, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty. He gave courses in Old English heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory Germanic philology, Gothic, Old Icelandic, and Medieval Welsh. When in 1925, aged thirty-three, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College, Oxford, he boasted that his students of Germanic philology in Leeds had even formed a " Viking Club". [T 12] He also had a certain, if imperfect, knowledge of Finnish. [158]

Grotta, Daniel (28 March 2001). J. R. R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth. Running Press. pp.64–. ISBN 978-0-7624-0956-3. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981). The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-31555-2. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was a British philologist, university professor, and writer. Tolkien is best known for his most famous works, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Grand Tours: Who Travels the World in a Single Night?". The Independent on Sunday. 22 December 2002. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2012.Purtill, Richard L. (2003). J. R. R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion. San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp.52, 131. ISBN 0-89870-948-2. The Road to Middle-earth · The Keys of Middle-earth · The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion · Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for constructing languages. The most developed of these are Quenya and Sindarin, the etymological connection between which formed the core of much of Tolkien's legendarium. Language and grammar for Tolkien was a matter of aesthetics and euphony, and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonaesthetic" considerations; it was intended as an "Elven-latin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish, Welsh, English, and Greek. [T 14] Leaf by Niggle. HarperCollins, London, 2016. The first stand-alone edition of this short story and published to coincide with a touring stage production of the story, this also features an ‘afterword’ by Tom Shippey that was originally in 2008’s edition of Tales from the Perilous Realm.

The Peoples of Middle-earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. The History of Middle-earth: Vol. 12. HarperCollins, London, 1996. a b c Derdziński, Ryszard. "Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena (XIV–XIX wiek)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2019.

In October of the same year, Tolkien began studying at Exeter College, Oxford. He initially read classics but changed his course in 1913 to English language and literature, graduating in 1915 with first-class honours. [32] Among his tutors at Oxford was Joseph Wright, whose Primer of the Gothic Language had inspired Tolkien as a schoolboy. [33] Courtship and marriage

McCoy, Felicity Hayes (11 June 2019). "When my father met Gandalf: Tolkien's time as an external examiner at UCG". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021 . Retrieved 3 March 2021. Cooper, Callista (5 December 2005). "Epic trilogy tops favorite film poll". ABC News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2006.The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins, London 2009. Tolkien’s own versions of the story of Sigurd and his wife Gudrún, one of the great legends of northern antiquity. Tolkien's maps, like his illustrations, helped his readers to enter his subcreated world of Middle-earth. The Hobbit had two maps; The Lord of the Rings had three, redrawn by his son Christopher Tolkien; The Silmarillion had two. These served multiple purposes, first as guides to the author, helping to ensure consistency in the narrative, and later to the reader through the often complex routes taken by his characters. [1] [5] Calligraphy [ edit ] The Fall of Númenor. Ed. Brian Sibley. HarperCollins, London, 2022. Brian Sibley collates all of the published texts from the Second Age of Middle-earth with a unifying commentary. The Tolkiens had four children: John Francis Reuel Tolkien (17 November 1917 – 22 January 2003), Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien (22 October 1920 – 27 February 1984), Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (21 November 1924 – 16 January 2020) and Priscilla Mary Anne Reuel Tolkien (18 June 1929 – 28 February 2022). [80] [81] Tolkien was very devoted to his children and sent them illustrated letters from Father Christmas when they were young. [82] Retirement Bust of Tolkien in the chapel of Exeter College, Oxford